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      Community social capital and inequality in depressive symptoms among older Japanese adults: A multilevel study

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          Abstract

          Although studies have suggested that community social capital contributes to narrow income-based inequality in depression, the impacts may depend on its components. Our multilevel cross-sectional analysis of data from 42,208 men and 45,448 women aged 65 years or older living in 565 school districts in Japan found that higher community-level civic participation (i.e., average levels of group participation in the community) was positively associated with the prevalence of depressive symptoms among the low-income groups, independent of individual levels of group participation. Two other social capital components (cohesion and reciprocity) did not significantly alter the association between income and depressive symptoms.

          Highlights

          • •

            Community social capital might be protective towards depression in older adults.

          • •

            Community civic participation may enlarge the income-based gap in depression.

          • •

            Considering bright and dark sides of social capital is necessary for intervention.

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          Mood disorders in the medically ill: scientific review and recommendations.

          Dwight Evans, Dennis Charney, Lydia Lewis … (2005)
          The purpose of this review is to assess the relationship between mood disorders and development, course, and associated morbidity and mortality of selected medical illnesses, review evidence for treatment, and determine needs in clinical practice and research. Data were culled from the 2002 Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance Conference proceedings and a literature review addressing prevalence, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. This review also considered the experience of primary and specialty care providers, policy analysts, and patient advocates. The review and recommendations reflect the expert opinion of the authors. Reviews of epidemiology and mechanistic studies were included, as were open-label and randomized, controlled trials on treatment of depression in patients with medical comorbidities. Data on study design, population, and results were extracted for review of evidence that includes tables of prevalence and pharmacological treatment. The effect of depression and bipolar disorder on selected medical comorbidities was assessed, and recommendations for practice, research, and policy were developed. A growing body of evidence suggests that biological mechanisms underlie a bidirectional link between mood disorders and many medical illnesses. In addition, there is evidence to suggest that mood disorders affect the course of medical illnesses. Further prospective studies are warranted.
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            A systematic review of the relationships between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health: a contribution to understanding the psychosocial pathway of health inequalities

            Eleonora Uphoff, Kate Pickett, Báltica Cabieses … (2013)
            Introduction Recent research on health inequalities moves beyond illustrating the importance of psychosocial factors for health to a more in-depth study of the specific psychosocial pathways involved. Social capital is a concept that captures both a buffer function of the social environment on health, as well as potential negative effects arising from social inequality and exclusion. This systematic review assesses the current evidence, and identifies gaps in knowledge, on the associations and interactions between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health. Methods Through this systematic review we identified studies on the interactions between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health published before July 2012. Results The literature search resulted in 618 studies after removal of duplicates, of which 60 studies were eligible for analysis. Self-reported measures of health were most frequently used, together with different bonding, bridging and linking components of social capital. A large majority, 56 studies, confirmed a correlation between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health. Twelve studies reported that social capital might buffer negative health effects of low socioeconomic status and five studies concluded that social capital has a stronger positive effect on health for people with a lower socioeconomic status. Conclusions There is evidence for both a buffer effect and a dependency effect of social capital on socioeconomic inequalities in health, although the studies that assess these interactions are limited in number. More evidence is needed, as identified hypotheses have implications for community action and for action on the structural causes of social inequalities.
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              Criterion-based validity and reliability of the Geriatric Depression Screening Scale (GDS-15) in a large validation sample of community-living Asian older adults.

              Ma Shwe Zin Nyunt, Mathew Niti, Calvin Fones … (2009)
              Few studies have evaluated the validation of 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) in a heterogeneous population with different age, ethnicity and comorbidities of elderly users of social services in the community. To assess the criterion validity and reliability of the GDS-15 and its equivalence across different gender, age groups, ethnicity and different comorbidities in community living elderly and nursing homes residents. A validation sample of non-demented 4253 elderly (age > or = 60 years), who regularly use community based care corner, senior activity center, day care center, sheltered homes and nursing homes were interviewed using the GDS-15. Structured clinical interview (SCID) was used to make DSM-IV diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD). The overall sensitivity and specificity were 0.97 and 0.95, respectively (area under curve, AUC was 0.98). The overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.80, and intraclass coefficient of test--retest reliability over 2 weeks was 0.83 and inter-rater reliability was 0.94 (intra-class) and 0.99 (Cohen's kappa). Although some items in the GDS-15 appeared to be biased by gender, age and ethnicity, there were no clinically significant differences in test performance among different age, gender, ethnicity and comorbidities at cutoff of 4/5. The GDS-15 was a reliable and valid screening for MDD across different age, gender, ethnicity and chronic illness status in the community and social service setting.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Maho Haseda
                Naoki Kondo
                Daisuke Takagi
                Katsunori Kondo
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Health Place
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Health Place
                Title: Health & Place
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Print): 1353-8292
                ISSN (Electronic): 1873-2054
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 July 2018
                Publication date (Print): July 2018
                Volume: 52
                Pages: 8-17
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Health Education and Health Sociology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
                [b ]Department of Health and Social Behavior, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
                [c ]Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuou-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan
                [d ]Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Morioka Town 7-430, Obu City, Aichi, Japan
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. naoki-kondo@ 123456umin.ac.jp
                Article
                Publisher ID: S1353-8292(17)30989-9
                DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.04.010
                PMC ID: 6075939
                PubMed ID: 29775833
                SO-VID: 2e1b5301-ce89-4df4-956a-b4c680196905
                Copyright © © 2018 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 26 October 2017
                Date revision received : 13 April 2018
                Date accepted : 30 April 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: social capital,health inequality,depressive symptoms,ageing,multilevel modeling,japan
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: social capital, health inequality, depressive symptoms, ageing, multilevel modeling, japan

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