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      Patterning principles of morphogen gradients

      review-article
      1 , , 1 , 2
      Open Biology
      The Royal Society
      morphogen gradient, clock, pattern formation, signalling, diffusion, fold change

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          Metazoan embryos develop from a single cell into three-dimensional structured organisms while groups of genetically identical cells attain specialized identities. Cells of the developing embryo both create and accurately interpret morphogen gradients to determine their positions and make specific decisions in response. Here, we first cover intellectual roots of morphogen and positional information concepts. Focusing on animal embryos, we then provide a review of current understanding on how morphogen gradients are established and how their spans are controlled. Lastly, we cover how gradients evolve in time and space during development, and how they encode information to control patterning. In sum, we provide a list of patterning principles for morphogen gradients and review recent advances in quantitative methodologies elucidating information provided by morphogens.

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          Most cited references190

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          Functional rafts in cell membranes.

          A new aspect of cell membrane structure is presented, based on the dynamic clustering of sphingolipids and cholesterol to form rafts that move within the fluid bilayer. It is proposed that these rafts function as platforms for the attachment of proteins when membranes are moved around inside the cell and during signal transduction.
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            Reconstruction of zebrafish early embryonic development by scanned light sheet microscopy.

            A long-standing goal of biology is to map the behavior of all cells during vertebrate embryogenesis. We developed digital scanned laser light sheet fluorescence microscopy and recorded nuclei localization and movement in entire wild-type and mutant zebrafish embryos over the first 24 hours of development. Multiview in vivo imaging at 1.5 billion voxels per minute provides "digital embryos," that is, comprehensive databases of cell positions, divisions, and migratory tracks. Our analysis of global cell division patterns reveals a maternally defined initial morphodynamic symmetry break, which identifies the embryonic body axis. We further derive a model of germ layer formation and show that the mesendoderm forms from one-third of the embryo's cells in a single event. Our digital embryos, with 55 million nucleus entries, are provided as a resource.
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              Defining network topologies that can achieve biochemical adaptation.

              Many signaling systems show adaptation-the ability to reset themselves after responding to a stimulus. We computationally searched all possible three-node enzyme network topologies to identify those that could perform adaptation. Only two major core topologies emerge as robust solutions: a negative feedback loop with a buffering node and an incoherent feedforward loop with a proportioner node. Minimal circuits containing these topologies are, within proper regions of parameter space, sufficient to achieve adaptation. More complex circuits that robustly perform adaptation all contain at least one of these topologies at their core. This analysis yields a design table highlighting a finite set of adaptive circuits. Despite the diversity of possible biochemical networks, it may be common to find that only a finite set of core topologies can execute a particular function. These design rules provide a framework for functionally classifying complex natural networks and a manual for engineering networks. For a video summary of this article, see the PaperFlick file with the Supplemental Data available online.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Open Biol
                Open Biol
                RSOB
                royopenbio
                Open Biology
                The Royal Society
                2046-2441
                October 19, 2022
                October 2022
                October 19, 2022
                : 12
                : 10
                : 220224
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, , Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
                [ 2 ] Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, , Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5873-0714
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2858-4696
                Article
                rsob220224
                10.1098/rsob.220224
                9579920
                36259238
                2e1a104b-dd9c-4ad6-9d0b-36b6c99e2413
                © 2022 The Authors.

                Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : July 25, 2022
                : September 29, 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000071;
                Award ID: R01 HD103623
                Categories
                58
                181
                Review
                Review Articles

                Life sciences
                morphogen gradient,clock,pattern formation,signalling,diffusion,fold change
                Life sciences
                morphogen gradient, clock, pattern formation, signalling, diffusion, fold change

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