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      Colorectal cancer surveillance by colonoscopy in a prospective, population-based long-term Swiss screening study – outcomes, adherence, and costs Translated title: Langzeitüberwachung nach dem kolorektalen Karzinomscreening mittels Koloskopie in einer prospektiven Bevölkerungsstudie in der Schweiz: Resultate, Adhärenz und Kosten

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          Abstract

          Background The success of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening depends mainly on screening quality, patient adherence to surveillance, and costs. Consequently, it is essential to assess the performance over time.

          Methods In 2000, a closed cohort study on CRC screening in individuals aged 50 to 80 was initiated in Uri, Switzerland. Participants who chose to undergo colonoscopy were followed over 18 years. We investigated the adherence to recommended surveillance and collected baseline characteristics and colonoscopy data. Risk factors at screening for the development of advanced adenomas were analyzed. Costs for screening and follow-up were evaluated retrospectively.

          Results 1278 subjects with a screening colonoscopy were included, of which 272 (21.3%; 69.5% men) had adenomas, and 83 (6.5%) had advanced adenomas. Only 59.8% participated in a follow-up colonoscopy, half of them within the recommended time interval. Individuals with advanced adenomas at screening had nearly five times the risk of developing advanced adenomas compared to individuals without adenomas (24.3% vs. 5.0%, OR 4.79 CI 2.30–9.95). Individuals without adenomas developed advanced adenomas in 4.9%, including four cases of CRC; three of them without control colonoscopy. The villous component in adenomas smaller than 10 mm was not an independent risk factor. Costs for screening and follow-up added up to CHF 1’934’521 per 1’000 persons screened, almost half of them for follow-up examinations; 60% of these costs accounted for low-risk individuals.

          Conclusion Our findings suggest that follow-up of screening colonoscopy should be reconsidered in Switzerland; in particular, long-term adherence is critical. Costs for follow-up could be substantially reduced by adopting less expensive long-term screening methods for low-risk individuals.

          Zusammenfassung

          Hintergrund Hauptfaktoren einer erfolgreichen Darmkrebs-Früherkennung sind Qualität der Früherkennung, Bereitschaft der Patienten zur Teilnahme an der Überwachung und die Kosten. Eine regelmässige Evaluation des Screening-Programms ist zentral.

          Methoden Im Jahr 2000 wurde in Uri, Schweiz, eine geschlossene Kohortenstudie zur Darmkrebsvorsorge bei Personen im Alter von 50 bis 80 Jahren initiiert. Teilnehmer, die sich für eine Koloskopie entschieden, wurden über 18 Jahre beobachtet. Wir untersuchten die Einhaltung der empfohlenen Vorsorgeuntersuchungen und erfassten die Ausgangscharakteristika und Koloskopiedaten. Risikofaktoren beim Screening für die Entwicklung fortgeschrittener Adenome wurden analysiert. Die Kosten für das Screening und die Nachsorge wurden retrospektiv ausgewertet.

          Ergebnisse 1278 Personen mit einer Screening-Koloskopie wurden eingeschlossen, von denen 272 (21,3 %; 69,5 % Männer) Adenome und 83 (6,5 %) fortgeschrittene Adenome aufwiesen. Nur 59,8 % nahmen an einer Folgekoloskopie teil und hiervon die Hälfte innerhalb des empfohlenen Zeitraums. Personen mit fortgeschrittenen Adenomen beim Screening hatten ein fast fünfmal höheres Risiko, erneut fortgeschrittene Adenome zu entwickeln, als Personen mit unauffälliger Screeningkoloskopie (24,3 % vs. 5,0 %, OR 4,79 CI 2,30–9,95). 4.9% aller Personen ohne Adenome in der Screening-Kolonoskopie entwickelten im Verlauf fortgeschrittene Adenome, darunter vier CRC Fälle. 3 von diesen 4 CRC Fälle kamen nicht zur Kontrollkoloskopie. Die Kosten für das Screening und die Nachuntersuchung beliefen sich auf CHF 1’934’521 pro 1000 untersuchte Personen, fast die Hälfte davon entfiel auf die Nachuntersuchung. 60 % dieser Kosten entfielen auf Personen mit niedrigem Risiko.

          Schlussfolgerung Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Nachsorge der Screening-Koloskopie in der Schweiz neu überdacht werden sollte, da die Adhärenz über längeren Zeitraum schlecht ist. Die Kosten für die Nachuntersuchungen könnten erheblich gesenkt werden, wenn bei Personen mit geringem Risiko weniger teure Langzeit-Screening-Methoden angewandt würden.

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          Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies

          Summary Background The main associations of body-mass index (BMI) with overall and cause-specific mortality can best be assessed by long-term prospective follow-up of large numbers of people. The Prospective Studies Collaboration aimed to investigate these associations by sharing data from many studies. Methods Collaborative analyses were undertaken of baseline BMI versus mortality in 57 prospective studies with 894 576 participants, mostly in western Europe and North America (61% [n=541 452] male, mean recruitment age 46 [SD 11] years, median recruitment year 1979 [IQR 1975–85], mean BMI 25 [SD 4] kg/m2). The analyses were adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, and study. To limit reverse causality, the first 5 years of follow-up were excluded, leaving 66 552 deaths of known cause during a mean of 8 (SD 6) further years of follow-up (mean age at death 67 [SD 10] years): 30 416 vascular; 2070 diabetic, renal or hepatic; 22 592 neoplastic; 3770 respiratory; 7704 other. Findings In both sexes, mortality was lowest at about 22·5–25 kg/m2. Above this range, positive associations were recorded for several specific causes and inverse associations for none, the absolute excess risks for higher BMI and smoking were roughly additive, and each 5 kg/m2 higher BMI was on average associated with about 30% higher overall mortality (hazard ratio per 5 kg/m2 [HR] 1·29 [95% CI 1·27–1·32]): 40% for vascular mortality (HR 1·41 [1·37–1·45]); 60–120% for diabetic, renal, and hepatic mortality (HRs 2·16 [1·89–2·46], 1·59 [1·27–1·99], and 1·82 [1·59–2·09], respectively); 10% for neoplastic mortality (HR 1·10 [1·06–1·15]); and 20% for respiratory and for all other mortality (HRs 1·20 [1·07–1·34] and 1·20 [1·16–1·25], respectively). Below the range 22·5–25 kg/m2, BMI was associated inversely with overall mortality, mainly because of strong inverse associations with respiratory disease and lung cancer. These inverse associations were much stronger for smokers than for non-smokers, despite cigarette consumption per smoker varying little with BMI. Interpretation Although other anthropometric measures (eg, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio) could well add extra information to BMI, and BMI to them, BMI is in itself a strong predictor of overall mortality both above and below the apparent optimum of about 22·5–25 kg/m2. The progressive excess mortality above this range is due mainly to vascular disease and is probably largely causal. At 30–35 kg/m2, median survival is reduced by 2–4 years; at 40–45 kg/m2, it is reduced by 8–10 years (which is comparable with the effects of smoking). The definite excess mortality below 22·5 kg/m2 is due mainly to smoking-related diseases, and is not fully explained. Funding UK Medical Research Council, British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, EU BIOMED programme, US National Institute on Aging, and Clinical Trial Service Unit (Oxford, UK).
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            Colorectal Cancer Incidence Patterns in the United States, 1974-2013.

            Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in the United States is declining rapidly overall but, curiously, is increasing among young adults. Age-specific and birth cohort patterns can provide etiologic clues, but have not been recently examined.
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              Long-term colorectal-cancer incidence and mortality after lower endoscopy.

              Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy provide protection against colorectal cancer, but the magnitude and duration of protection, particularly against cancer of the proximal colon, remain uncertain. We examined the association of the use of lower endoscopy (updated biennially from 1988 through 2008) with colorectal-cancer incidence (through June 2010) and colorectal-cancer mortality (through June 2012) among participants in the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Among 88,902 participants followed over a period of 22 years, we documented 1815 incident colorectal cancers and 474 deaths from colorectal cancer. With endoscopy as compared with no endoscopy, multivariate hazard ratios for colorectal cancer were 0.57 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45 to 0.72) after polypectomy, 0.60 (95% CI, 0.53 to 0.68) after negative sigmoidoscopy, and 0.44 (95% CI, 0.38 to 0.52) after negative colonoscopy. Negative colonoscopy was associated with a reduced incidence of proximal colon cancer (multivariate hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.92). Multivariate hazard ratios for death from colorectal cancer were 0.59 (95% CI, 0.45 to 0.76) after screening sigmoidoscopy and 0.32 (95% CI, 0.24 to 0.45) after screening colonoscopy. Reduced mortality from proximal colon cancer was observed after screening colonoscopy (multivariate hazard ratio, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.29 to 0.76) but not after sigmoidoscopy. As compared with colorectal cancers diagnosed in patients more than 5 years after colonoscopy or without any prior endoscopy, those diagnosed in patients within 5 years after colonoscopy were more likely to be characterized by the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) (multivariate odds ratio, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.14 to 4.21) and microsatellite instability (multivariate odds ratio, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.10 to 4.02). Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy were associated with a reduced incidence of cancer of the distal colorectum; colonoscopy was also associated with a modest reduction in the incidence of proximal colon cancer. Screening colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy were associated with reduced colorectal-cancer mortality; only colonoscopy was associated with reduced mortality from proximal colon cancer. Colorectal cancer diagnosed within 5 years after colonoscopy was more likely than cancer diagnosed after that period or without prior endoscopy to have CIMP and microsatellite instability. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Z Gastroenterol
                Z Gastroenterol
                10.1055/s-00000094
                Zeitschrift Fur Gastroenterologie
                Georg Thieme Verlag KG (Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany )
                0044-2771
                1439-7803
                May 2022
                11 May 2022
                1 May 2022
                : 60
                : 5
                : 761-778
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Ringgold 30231, Kantonsspital Aarau AG, Division of Rheumatology, Aarau, Switzerland;
                [2 ]Ringgold 30238, Division of Gastroenterology, Kantonsspital Uri, Altdorf, Switzerland;
                [3 ]Ringgold 27209, Institute for Pharmaceutical Medicine, Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland;
                [4 ]Ringgold 4919, Research Department of Behavioural Sciences and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
                Author notes
                Korrespondenzadresse Armin Zgraggen Ringgold 30231, Division of Rheumatology, Kantonsspital Aarau AG; AarauSwitzerland Armin.Zgraggen@ 123456ksa.ch
                Article
                10.1055/a-1796-2471
                9179214
                35545112
                2d364cf7-77b3-448b-b0f2-89f8766b6dfe
                The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License, which permits unrestricted reproduction and distribution, for non-commercial purposes only; and use and reproduction, but not distribution, of adapted material for non-commercial purposes only, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 07 November 2021
                : 02 March 2022
                Categories
                Originalarbeit

                adenom,karzinom,koloskopie,kolorektales adenom,kolorektales karzinom,kolorektale polypen,vorsorgeuntersuchung,adenoma,cancer,colonoscopy,colorectal adenoma,colorectal carcinoma,colorectal polyps,screening

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