Cytotoxicity of Formulated Graphene and Its Natural Rubber Nanocomposite Thin Film in Human Vaginal Epithelial Cells: An Influence of Noncovalent Interaction

Abstract

Graphene family materials (GFMs) are extensively explored for various biomedical applications due to their unique physical properties. The prime challenge is to establish a conclusive safety profile of these nanomaterials and their respective products or devices. Formulating GFMs with appropriate ingredients (e.g., surfactant/compatibilizer) will help to disperse them homogeneously (i.e., within the polymer matrix in the case of polymer–graphene nanocomposites) and aid in good interfacial interaction to achieve the desired properties. However, no cytotoxicity report is available on the effects of the additives on graphene and its incorporated materials. Here, we report in vitro cytotoxicity of formulated FLG (FLG-C), i.e., a mixture of FLG, melamine, and sodium poly(naphthalene sulfonate) (SPS), along with natural rubber (NR) latex and FLG-C-included NR latex nanocomposite (FLG-C-NR) thin films on human vaginal epithelial (HVE) cells. FLG-C shows reduced cellular proliferation (∼55%) only at a longer exposure time (72 h) even at a low concentration (50 μg/mL). It also displays significant down- and upregulation in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), respectively, whereas no changes are observed in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), propidium iodide (PI), uptake, and cell cycle analysis at 48 h. In vitro experiments on NR latex and FLG-C-NR latex thin films demonstrate that the incorporation of FLG-C does not compromise the biocompatibility of the NR latex. Further substantiation from the in vivo experiments on the thin films recommends that FLG-C could be suitable to prepare a range of biocompatible rubber latex nanocomposites-based products, viz., next-generation condoms (male and female), surgical gloves, catheters, vaginal rings, bladder–rectum spacer balloon, etc.