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      Serological and Molecular Identification of Brucella spp. in Pigs from Cairo and Giza Governorates, Egypt

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          Abstract

          Brucellosis is considered as endemic disease of animals and humans since thousands of years in Egypt. However, brucellosis in pigs has never been reported in Egypt. Thus, serological and molecular assays were applied to detect anti- Brucella antibodies and DNA in serum samples collected from pigs. In total 331 blood samples collected from male and female pigs at slaughterhouses of Cairo and Giza governorates were investigated using Brucella c- and i-ELISA and Brucella real-time PCR. Anti- Brucella antibodies were detected in 16 (4.83%) and 36 (10.8%) sera by i-ELISA and c-ELISA, respectively. Brucella DNA was detected in 10 (3.02%) seropositive samples and identified as Brucella melitensis (7/10) and Brucella suis (3/10). A higher prevelance was found in boars. This is the first study investigating pig brucellosis in Egypt. The results of this study will raise awareness for brucellosis in these farm animals and will help to develop effective control strategies.

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          Diagnosis of brucellosis in livestock and wildlife.

          Jacques Godfroid, Klaus Nielsen, Claude Saegerman (2010)
          To describe and discuss the merits of various direct and indirect methods applied in vitro (mainly on blood or milk) or in vivo (allergic test) for the diagnosis of brucellosis in animals. The recent literature on brucellosis diagnostic tests was reviewed. These diagnostic tests are applied with different goals, such as national screening, confirmatory diagnosis, certification, and international trade. The validation of such diagnostic tests is still an issue, particularly in wildlife. The choice of the testing strategy depends on the prevailing brucellosis epidemiological situation and the goal of testing. Measuring the kinetics of antibody production after Brucella spp. infection is essential for analyzing serological results correctly and may help to predict abortion. Indirect ELISAs help to discriminate 1) between false positive serological reactions and true brucellosis and 2) between vaccination and infection. Biotyping of Brucella spp. provides valuable epidemiological information that allows tracing an infection back to the sources in instances where several biotypes of a given Brucella species are circulating. Polymerase chain reaction and new molecular methods are likely to be used as routine typing and fingerprinting methods in the coming years. The diagnosis of brucellosis in livestock and wildlife is complex and serological results need to be carefully analyzed. The B. abortus S19 and B. melitensis Rev. 1 vaccines are the cornerstones of control programs in cattle and small ruminants, respectively. There is no vaccine available for pigs or for wildlife. In the absence of a human brucellosis vaccine, prevention of human brucellosis depends on the control of the disease in animals.
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            A "One Health" surveillance and control of brucellosis in developing countries: moving away from improvisation.

            Jacques Godfroid, Sascha Al Dahouk, Georgios Pappas … (2013)
            Although a "One Health" approach has been successfully implemented for emerging infectious zoonotic diseases with pandemic potential, we still lack a conceptual framework to address enzootic diseases like brucellosis. The vast majority of published brucellosis studies in the developing world rely solely on serology. An important shortcoming of brucellosis serology is the impossibility to infer which (smooth) Brucella spp. induced antibodies in the host. In this respect, mixed farming and especially raising small ruminants along with cattle, a common practice in the developing world, is reported to be a risk factor and a central question that has to be answered is whether cattle are infected with B. melitensis or with B. abortus or with both Brucella species. Therefore the isolation, identification and molecular characterization of Brucella spp. in human and the different livestock species needs to be undertaken to define a sound conceptual framework, identify the source of infection and plan appropriate control measures. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Incidence and control of brucellosis in the Near East region.

              Mohamed Refai (2002)
              In countries of the Near East region, brucellosis was reported in almost all domestic animals, particularly cattle, sheep and goats. Brucellosis in camels has been reported in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Iraq, Iran, Sudan, Egypt, Libya and Somalia. It has been reported even in racing camels in the United Arab Emirates. In Egypt, brucellosis has been reported also in buffaloes, equines and swine. Brucella melitensis biovar 3 is the most commonly isolated species from animals in Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Tunisia and Turkey. B. melitensis biovar 2 was reported in Turkey and Saudi Arabia, and B. melitensis biovar 1 in Libya, Oman and Israel. B. abortus biovar 1 was reported in Egypt, biovar 2 in Iran, biovar 3 in Iran and Turkey, and biovar 6 in Sudan. The countries with the highest incidence of human brucellosis are Saudi Arabia, Iran, Palestinian Authority, Syria, Jordan and Oman. Bahrain is reported to have zero incidence. Most human cases are caused by B. melitensis, particularly biovar 3. However, B. abortus has been responsible for an increasing number of cases in recent years, e.g. in Yemen, where B. abortus was identified in 45 cases and B. melitensis in 7 cases out of 330 cultures performed in 1995. Concerning control of brucellosis in animals, there is a controversy on the choice of policy. In some countries, the test and slaughter policy together with the vaccination of young females is adopted, in others, particularly with regard to sheep and goats; mass vaccination has been recently started. The most commonly used vaccines are B. abortus S19 and B. melitensis Rev.1 vaccines. B. abortus RB51 vaccine is used in some countries on small scale. Vaccination is limited to cattle and small ruminants. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science B.V.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Pathogens
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Pathogens
                Journal ID (publisher-id): pathogens
                Title: Pathogens
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2076-0817
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 November 2019
                Publication date Collection: December 2019
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: 248
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, 07743 Jena, Germany; AmanUllah.Khan@ 123456fli.de (A.U.K.); falk.melzer@ 123456fli.de (F.M.); mandy.elschner@ 123456fli.de (M.C.E.); Heinrich.neubauer@ 123456fli.de (H.N.)
                [2 ]Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; Uwe.Roesler@ 123456fu-berlin.de
                [3 ]Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Sub-Campus UVAS-Lahore), Jhang 35200, Pakistan
                [4 ]Veterinary Service Department, Armed Forces Logistics Authority, Egyptian Armed Forces, 11765 Nasr City, Egypt moh_vet2001@ 123456hotmail.com (M.A.S.A.)
                [5 ]Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, 11517 Abbasaia, Cairo, Egypt; shereenibraheem1968@ 123456gmail.com
                [6 ]Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: Hosny.eladawy@ 123456fli.de
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5616-7833
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8585-4237
                Article
                Publisher ID: pathogens-08-00248
                DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040248
                PMC ID: 6963660
                PubMed ID: 31756893
                SO-VID: 2b2184a3-7dd4-48bc-976c-147f87ff809a
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 23 October 2019
                Date accepted : 16 November 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: brucellosis,swine,egypt,elisa,real-time pcr
                Data availability:
                Keywords: brucellosis, swine, egypt, elisa, real-time pcr

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