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      Coping strategies among caregivers of people with Alzheimer disease: a systematic review Translated title: Estratégias de coping entre cuidadores de pessoas com doença de Alzheimer: uma revisão sistemática

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          Abstract

          Abstract Introduction Caregivers of people with Alzheimer disease (PwAD) report significant stress, burden and depression compared to caregivers of people with other dementias, especially when neuropsychiatric symptoms are prominent. Adequate coping strategies can modify the impact of stressful situations and increase the caregivers’ quality of life. Objective To systematically review the different coping strategies used by caregivers of PwAD to manage neuropsychiatric symptoms. Method We carried out electronic searches using MEDLINE (PubMed), SciELO, Web of Knowledge Cross Search (Thomson Scientific/ISI Web Services) and PsycINFO databases to select studies on coping in PwAD caregivers published from January 2005 to July 2017. The search terms were coping, caregivers, strategy, onset, adaptation, family, behavior, dementia and Alzheimer. The studies were organized in three categories: problem-focused, emotion-focused and dysfunctional coping strategies. Results We found 2,277 articles. After application of exclusion criteria and exclusion of redundant references, 24 articles were analyzed. Emotion-focused coping was the most commonly used strategy among PwAD caregivers. The use of this strategy associated with religion and spirituality may help reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety. Problem-focused coping strategies were mostly used with active coping interventions. Problem-solving coping may have buffered the impact of acute psychological stressors on procoagulant activity. Dysfunctional coping strategies were associated with increase of caregiver burden. Conclusion The evaluated studies showed that the use and development of coping strategies may have ameliorated the depressive symptoms, anxiety and burden of caregivers. However, longitudinal studies are still needed that clearly describe the type of coping strategy used in relation to the presented results.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Introdução Cuidadores de pessoas com doença de Alzheimer relatam mais estresse, sobrecarga e depressão em comparação com cuidadores de pessoas com outras patologias, especialmente quando os sintomas neuropsiquiátricos são proeminentes. Estratégias adequadas de enfrentamento podem modificar o impacto de situações estressantes e aumentar a qualidade de vida do cuidador. Objetivo Revisar sistematicamente as diferentes estratégias de enfrentamento utilizadas pelos cuidadores para lidar com sintomas neuropsiquiátricos. Método Foi realizada busca eletrônica em artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2005 e julho de 2017 nos bancos de dados MEDLINE (PubMed), SciELO, Web of Knowledge Cross Search (Thomson Scientific/ISI Web Services) e PsycINFO. Os termos utilizados foram coping, caregivers, strategy, onset, adaptation, family, behavior, dementia and Alzheimer. Os artigos avaliados foram categorizados em estratégias de enfrentamento focadas na resolução do problema, na emoção e estratégias disfuncionais. Resultados Foram encontrados 2.277 artigos. Após aplicação dos critérios de exclusão, foram incluídos 24 artigos. A estratégia de enfrentamento mais utilizada foi a focada na emoção. O uso desta estratégia associada a religião e espiritualidade pode reduzir sintomas de depressão e ansiedade dos cuidadores. As estratégias de enfrentamento focadas na resolução do problema utilizaram principalmente intervenções baseadas no enfrentamento ativo. A resolução de problemas reduz o impacto dos estressores psicológicos agudos sobre a atividade procoagulante. As estratégias disfuncionais estavam associadas ao aumento da sobrecarga dos cuidadores. Conclusão Os estudos mostraram que o desenvolvimento e uso de estratégias de enfrentamento pode aliviar sintomas depressivos, ansiosos e sobrecarga do cuidador. No entanto, ainda são necessários estudos longitudinais que descrevam claramente o tipo de estratégia de enfrentamento utilizada em relação aos desfechos das pesquisas.

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          Perceived stress and resilience in Alzheimer's disease caregivers: testing moderation and mediation models of social support.

          The study examined whether social support functioned as a protective, resilience factor among Alzheimer's disease (AD) caregivers. Moderation and mediation models were used to test social support amid stress and resilience.
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            Coping strategies, anxiety and depression in caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease.

            There have been few longitudinal studies investigating the impact of coping on psychological morbidity in caregivers of people with dementia. Findings have been inconsistent and little attention has been paid to anxiety in caregivers. We explored the hypothesis that the relationship between caregiver burden and anxiety and depression is mediated by coping style. As part of the LASER-AD study, 93 (73.8%) people with Alzheimer's disease and their family caregivers recruited at baseline were re-interviewed 1 year later. Sampling aimed to ensure that the participants were representative of people living in the UK with Alzheimer's disease in terms of dementia severity, gender and care setting. We used the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Zarit Burden scale and the Brief COPE to measure coping strategies. Using fewer emotion-focused strategies and more problem-focused strategies (but not dysfunctional strategies) mediated the relationship between caregiver burden and anxiety a year later, after controlling for potential confounders, in a well-fitting structural equation model (chi(2)=0.93, df=3, p=0.82; NFI=1.0, RFI=0.97, IFI=1.0, TLI=1.1, RMSEA=0.0). Using fewer emotion focused strategies also predicted higher psychological morbidity in general. The hypothesised relationship was not proved for depression. Using emotion-focussed coping strategies in response to caregiver burden seemed to protect caregivers from developing higher anxiety levels a year later; however using problem-focussed strategies did not. Our results suggest that a psychological intervention package to emphasise emotion-focused coping may be a rational approach to reduce anxiety in dementia caregivers. Studies are needed to test such interventions.
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              Predictors of burden in spouse caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's disease.

              This study used the following model of distress: Distress = [Exposure to Stress + Vulnerability]/[Psychological and Social Resources]. The constructs in the model were operationalized as (a) distress in response to caregiver experiences (burden); (b) exposure to stress (care recipient functional impairment in activities of daily living [ADLs]); (c) vulnerability (caregiver health problems, anger, and anxiety); and (d) resources (coping, outlook on life, and social supports). Long-term burden (15-18 months after entry) was predicted by several baseline variables: burden, care recipient ADLs, vulnerability and resource variables, and specific interactions of burden, ADLs, vulnerability, and resource variables. The interactions showed that caregivers with high vulnerability and low resources had higher burden scores than caregivers with other combinations of these variables.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                trends
                Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
                Trends Psychiatry Psychother.
                Associação de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil )
                2237-6089
                2238-0019
                September 2018
                : 40
                : 3
                : 258-268
                Affiliations
                [1] Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro orgdiv1Instituto de Psiquiatria orgdiv2Centro de Doença de Alzheimer Brazil
                Article
                S2237-60892018000300258
                10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0065
                30304119
                2a5cc0bb-54b5-4674-bb49-87d48c2b5ad5

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 10 August 2017
                : 11 November 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Doença de Alzheimer,estratégias de enfrentamento,depressão,cuidadores,Alzheimer disease,coping strategies,depression,caregivers

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