Stem cells: past, present, and future

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Abstract

In recent years, stem cell therapy has become a very promising and advanced scientific research topic. The development of treatment methods has evoked great expectations. This paper is a review focused on the discovery of different stem cells and the potential therapies based on these cells. The genesis of stem cells is followed by laboratory steps of controlled stem cell culturing and derivation. Quality control and teratoma formation assays are important procedures in assessing the properties of the stem cells tested. Derivation methods and the utilization of culturing media are crucial to set proper environmental conditions for controlled differentiation. Among many types of stem tissue applications, the use of graphene scaffolds and the potential of extracellular vesicle-based therapies require attention due to their versatility. The review is summarized by challenges that stem cell therapy must overcome to be accepted worldwide. A wide variety of possibilities makes this cutting edge therapy a turning point in modern medicine, providing hope for untreatable diseases.

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Most cited references 193

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Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.

Kazutoshi Takahashi, Shinya Yamanaka (2006)

Differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to an embryonic-like state by transfer of nuclear contents into oocytes or by fusion with embryonic stem (ES) cells. Little is known about factors that induce this reprogramming. Here, we demonstrate induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic or adult fibroblasts by introducing four factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4, under ES cell culture conditions. Unexpectedly, Nanog was dispensable. These cells, which we designated iPS (induced pluripotent stem) cells, exhibit the morphology and growth properties of ES cells and express ES cell marker genes. Subcutaneous transplantation of iPS cells into nude mice resulted in tumors containing a variety of tissues from all three germ layers. Following injection into blastocysts, iPS cells contributed to mouse embryonic development. These data demonstrate that pluripotent stem cells can be directly generated from fibroblast cultures by the addition of only a few defined factors.

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Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells.

Hadi Valadi, Karin Ekström, Apostolos Bossios … (2007)

Exosomes are vesicles of endocytic origin released by many cells. These vesicles can mediate communication between cells, facilitating processes such as antigen presentation. Here, we show that exosomes from a mouse and a human mast cell line (MC/9 and HMC-1, respectively), as well as primary bone marrow-derived mouse mast cells, contain RNA. Microarray assessments revealed the presence of mRNA from approximately 1300 genes, many of which are not present in the cytoplasm of the donor cell. In vitro translation proved that the exosome mRNAs were functional. Quality control RNA analysis of total RNA derived from exosomes also revealed presence of small RNAs, including microRNAs. The RNA from mast cell exosomes is transferable to other mouse and human mast cells. After transfer of mouse exosomal RNA to human mast cells, new mouse proteins were found in the recipient cells, indicating that transferred exosomal mRNA can be translated after entering another cell. In summary, we show that exosomes contain both mRNA and microRNA, which can be delivered to another cell, and can be functional in this new location. We propose that this RNA is called "exosomal shuttle RNA" (esRNA).

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Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts.

J. A. Thomson, J. Itskovitz-Eldor, S Shapiro … (1998)

Human blastocyst-derived, pluripotent cell lines are described that have normal karyotypes, express high levels of telomerase activity, and express cell surface markers that characterize primate embryonic stem cells but do not characterize other early lineages. After undifferentiated proliferation in vitro for 4 to 5 months, these cells still maintained the developmental potential to form trophoblast and derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers, including gut epithelium (endoderm); cartilage, bone, smooth muscle, and striated muscle (mesoderm); and neural epithelium, embryonic ganglia, and stratified squamous epithelium (ectoderm). These cell lines should be useful in human developmental biology, drug discovery, and transplantation medicine.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Wojciech Zakrzewski: tekwoj@hotmail.com

Maciej Dobrzyński: maciej.dobrzynski@umed.wroc.pl

Maria Szymonowicz: maria.szymonowicz@umed.wroc.pl

Zbigniew Rybak: zbigniew.rybak@umed.wroc.pl

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Stem Cell Res Ther

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Stem Cell Res Ther

Title: Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1757-6512

Publication date (Electronic): 26 February 2019

Publication date PMC-release: 26 February 2019

Publication date Collection: 2019

Volume: 10

Electronic Location Identifier: 68

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1090 049X, GRID grid.4495.c, Department of Experimental Surgery and Biomaterials Research, , Wroclaw Medical University, ; Bujwida 44, Wrocław, 50-345 Poland

[2 ]Department of Conservative Dentistry and Pedodontics, Krakowska 26, Wrocław, 50-425 Poland

Article

Publisher ID: 1165

DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5

PMC ID: 6390367

PubMed ID: 30808416

SO-VID: 29c002b1-c879-4a17-9105-1adf63571ddd

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine

Keywords: stem cells,differentiation,pluripotency,induced pluripotent stem cell (ipsc),teratoma formation assay,stem cell derivation,growth media,tissue banks,tissue transplantation

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine

Keywords: stem cells, differentiation, pluripotency, induced pluripotent stem cell (ipsc), teratoma formation assay, stem cell derivation, growth media, tissue banks, tissue transplantation

Stem cells: past, present, and future

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Abstract

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Stress signalling in stem cells

Most cited references 193

Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.

Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells.

Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts.

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