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      ATP-Binding Cassette Systems of Brucella

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          Abstract

          Brucellosis is a prevalent zoonotic disease and is endemic in the Middle East, South America, and other areas of the world. In this study, complete inventories of putative functional ABC systems of five Brucella species have been compiled and compared. ABC systems of Brucella melitensis 16M, Brucella abortus 9-941, Brucella canis RM6/66, Brucella suis 1330, and Brucella ovis 63/290 were identified and aligned. High numbers of ABC systems, particularly nutrient importers, were found in all Brucella species. However, differences in the total numbers of ABC systems were identified ( B. melitensis, 79; B. suis, 72; B. abortus 64; B. canis, 74; B. ovis, 59) as well as specific differences in the functional ABC systems of the Brucella species. Since B. ovis is not known to cause human brucellosis, functional ABC systems absent in the B. ovis genome may represent virulence factors in human brucellosis.

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          Brucella ceti sp. nov. and Brucella pinnipedialis sp. nov. for Brucella strains with cetaceans and seals as their preferred hosts.

          Small Gram-negative cocco-bacilli resembling Brucella strains have been reported from marine mammals since the mid-1990s. Their placement in the genus Brucella has been supported by the following characteristics: they are aerobic, non-motile and catalase-positive, do not produce acid from carbohydrates and have a DNA-DNA relatedness value of >77% with the six established members of the genus. Twenty-eight European isolates of the genus Brucella from marine mammals were distinguished from the six recognized species by their pattern of utilization of eleven substrates in oxidative metabolism tests and phage lysis. The 28 strains could be further separated into two groups with cetaceans and seals as their respective preferred hosts on the basis of molecular methods and on differences in the metabolism of l-arabinose, d-galactose and d-xylose. The names Brucella ceti sp. nov. and Brucella pinnipedialis sp. nov. are proposed for the isolates from cetaceans and seals, respectively. The type strain of Brucella ceti sp. nov. is NCTC 12891T (=BCCN 94-74T) and the type strain of Brucella pinnipedialis sp. nov. is NCTC 12890T (=BCCN 94-73T).
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            A multifaceted role for polyamines in bacterial pathogens.

            Polyamines are polycationic molecules with a hydrocarbon backbone and multiple amino groups. Descriptions of the physiological roles of polyamines have often been limited to their interaction with negatively charged nucleic acids. Of late, reports linking polyamines to microbial carcinogenesis, biofilm formation, escape from phagolysosomes, bacteriocin production, toxin activity and protection from oxidative and acid stress have been published, providing insights about their other important but lesser known functions. This review focuses on recently discovered novel functions of polyamines in microorganisms, with an emphasis on bacterial pathogens of humans.
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              The genome sequence of the facultative intracellular pathogen Brucella melitensis.

              Brucella melitensis is a facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes abortion in goats and sheep and Malta fever in humans. The genome of B. melitensis strain 16M was sequenced and found to contain 3,294,935 bp distributed over two circular chromosomes of 2,117,144 bp and 1,177,787 bp encoding 3,197 ORFs. By using the bioinformatics suite ERGO, 2,487 (78%) ORFs were assigned functions. The origins of replication of the two chromosomes are similar to those of other alpha-proteobacteria. Housekeeping genes, including those involved in DNA replication, transcription, translation, core metabolism, and cell wall biosynthesis, are distributed on both chromosomes. Type I, II, and III secretion systems are absent, but genes encoding sec-dependent, sec-independent, and flagella-specific type III, type IV, and type V secretion systems as well as adhesins, invasins, and hemolysins were identified. Several features of the B. melitensis genome are similar to those of the symbiotic Sinorhizobium meliloti.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Comp Funct Genomics
                CFG
                Comparative and Functional Genomics
                Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                1531-6912
                1532-6268
                2009
                11 February 2010
                : 2009
                : 354649
                Affiliations
                1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
                2Départment de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
                3FAO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Brucellosis, OIE Brucellosis Reference Centre, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
                Author notes
                *Dominic C. Jenner: dcjenner@ 123456dstl.gov.uk

                Recommended by Graziano Pesole

                Article
                10.1155/2009/354649
                2821768
                20169092
                299afcb8-1d1e-45de-9583-ca6e9a7b0429
                Copyright © 2009 Dominic C. Jenner et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 16 June 2009
                : 2 December 2009
                Categories
                Research Article

                Genetics
                Genetics

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