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      Typhus Disease in Iran during the Qajar Period (1725 to 1925 AD); a Brief Historical Review

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          Abstract

          Typhus is an acute febrile disease caused by a series of bacteria called Rickettsia that is transmitted by insects such as lice, fleas, and ticks. This disease has appeared several times in Iran and caused many casualties. There were some therapeutic measures taken by European physicians in Tehran and medical graduates of the Dar al-Fonun school or expatriates who had studied medical courses in Western countries, even though the taken steps were not enough. Due to the lack of sanitation and cleaning products after the outbreak of World War I in March 1917 and its synchronization with the swift outbreak of Typhus in 1918, heavy casualties followed. In this study, we first examine the prevalence of Typhus in the Qajar dynasty in Iran, and will then focus on the pathological importance of this disease history in Iran. After that, we will study the role of Typhus prevalence and World War I in the Persian famine, malnutrition, and food poverty. Moreover, we investigated the role that this great war had in strengthening the spread of this disease and its role in the death of many Iranian people.

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          Most cited references12

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          The body louse as a vector of reemerging human diseases.

          The body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus, is a strict human parasite, living and multiplying in clothing. Louse infestation is associated with cold weather and a lack of hygiene. Three pathogenic bacteria are transmitted by the body louse. Borrelia recurrentis is a spirochete, the agent of relapsing fever, recently cultured on axenic medium. Historically, massive outbreaks have occurred in Eurasia and Africa, but currently the disease is found only in Ethiopia and neighboring countries. Bartonella quintana is now recognized as an agent of bacillary angiomatosis bacteremia, trench fever, endocarditis, and chronic lymphadenopathy among the homeless. Rickettsia prowazekii is the agent of epidemic typhus. The most recent outbreak (and the largest since World War II) was observed in Burundi. A small outbreak was also reported in Russia in 1997. Louse infestation appears to become more prevalent worldwide, associated with a decline in social and hygienic conditions provoked by civil unrest and economic instability.
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            A century of typhus, lice and Rickettsia.

            At the beginning of the 20th century, it was discovered at the Pasteur Institute in Tunis that epidemic typhus is transmitted by the human body louse. The complete genome sequence of its causative agent, Rickettsia prowazekii, was determined at Uppsala University in Sweden at the end of the century. In this mini-review, we discuss insights gained from the genome sequence of this fascinating and deadly organism.
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              Rickettsia, typhus and the mitochondrial connection.

              M W Gray (1998)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: SoftwareRole: Validation
                Journal
                Arch Iran Med
                Arch Iran Med
                Arch Iran Med
                AIM
                Archives of Iranian medicine
                Academy of Medical Sciences of I.R. Iran
                1029-2977
                1735-3947
                November 2022
                01 November 2022
                : 25
                : 11
                : 758-764
                Affiliations
                1Postdoctoral Researcher, History of Iran after Islam, Department of History, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
                2Associate Professor, Department of History, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
                3Department of History of Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding Author: Ghobad Mansourbakht, Email: g_mansourbakht@ 123456sbu.ac.ir
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1635-4578
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1475-0008
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7956-5949
                Article
                10.34172/aim.2022.120
                10685856
                37543902
                276b7033-5e53-40ef-b031-44bb72563e80
                © 2022 The Author(s).

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 16 April 2022
                : 13 July 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 3, References: 37
                Categories
                History of Medicine in Iran

                iran,medical history,typhus,world war i
                iran, medical history, typhus, world war i

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