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      Pitfalls and perils of survival analysis under incorrect assumptions: the case of COVID-19 data Translated title: Escollos y peligros del análisis de supervivencia: el caso de los datos de COVID-19

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          Abstract

          Non-parametric survival analysis has become a very popular statistical method in current medical research. However, resorting to survival analysis when its fundamental assumptions are not fulfilled can severely bias the results. Currently, hundreds of clinical studies are using survival methods to investigate factors potentially associated with the prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and test new preventive and therapeutic strategies. In the pandemic era, it is more critical than ever to base decision-making on evidence and rely on solid statistical methods, but this is not always the case. Serious methodological errors have been identified in recent seminal studies about COVID-19: One reporting outcomes of patients treated with remdesivir and another one on the epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of critically ill patients.

          High-quality evidence is essential to inform clinicians about optimal COVID-19 therapies and policymakers about the true effect of preventive measures aiming to tackle the pandemic. Though timely evidence is needed, we should encourage the appropriate application of survival analysis methods and careful peer-review to avoid publishing flawed results, which could affect decision-making.

          In this paper, we recapitulate the basic assumptions underlying non-parametric survival analysis and frequent errors in its application and discuss how to handle data on COVID-19.

          Resumen

          El análisis de supervivencia es un método estadístico muy popular en la investigación médica actual. Sin embargo, el recurrir al análisis de supervivencia cuando no se cumplen sus supuestos fundamentales puede sesgar gravemente los resultados. Actualmente, cientos de estudios clínicos están utilizando esta metodología para estudiar los factores potencialmente asociados con el pronóstico de la COVID-19 y probar nuevas estrategias preventivas y terapéuticas.

          En la pandemia actual es más importante que nunca que las decisiones se basen en pruebas y en métodos estadísticos sólidos. Sin embargo, este no es siempre el caso. Se han detectado errores metodológicos graves en estudios seminales recientes sobre COVID-19: uno que informa los resultados de los pacientes tratados con remdesivir y otro sobre la epidemiología, el curso clínico y los resultados de los pacientes críticamente enfermos. La evidencia de calidad es esencial para informar a los médicos sobre las terapias óptimas contra la enfermedad y, a los legisladores, sobre el verdadero efecto de las medidas preventivas destinadas a abordar la pandemia. Aunque se necesitan pruebas oportunas, debemos fomentar la aplicación adecuada de los métodos de análisis de supervivencia y una cuidadosa revisión por pares para evitar la publicación de resultados defectuosos que pueden afectar la adopción de decisiones.

          En este artículo, recapitulamos los supuestos básicos que subyacen al análisis de supervivencia y los errores frecuentes en su aplicación, y discutimos cómo manejar los datos sobre la COVID-19.

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          Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 — Preliminary Report

          Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is associated with diffuse lung damage. Glucocorticoids may modulate inflammation-mediated lung injury and thereby reduce progression to respiratory failure and death. Methods In this controlled, open-label trial comparing a range of possible treatments in patients who were hospitalized with Covid-19, we randomly assigned patients to receive oral or intravenous dexamethasone (at a dose of 6 mg once daily) for up to 10 days or to receive usual care alone. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. Here, we report the preliminary results of this comparison. Results A total of 2104 patients were assigned to receive dexamethasone and 4321 to receive usual care. Overall, 482 patients (22.9%) in the dexamethasone group and 1110 patients (25.7%) in the usual care group died within 28 days after randomization (age-adjusted rate ratio, 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75 to 0.93; P<0.001). The proportional and absolute between-group differences in mortality varied considerably according to the level of respiratory support that the patients were receiving at the time of randomization. In the dexamethasone group, the incidence of death was lower than that in the usual care group among patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (29.3% vs. 41.4%; rate ratio, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.81) and among those receiving oxygen without invasive mechanical ventilation (23.3% vs. 26.2%; rate ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.94) but not among those who were receiving no respiratory support at randomization (17.8% vs. 14.0%; rate ratio, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.91 to 1.55). Conclusions In patients hospitalized with Covid-19, the use of dexamethasone resulted in lower 28-day mortality among those who were receiving either invasive mechanical ventilation or oxygen alone at randomization but not among those receiving no respiratory support. (Funded by the Medical Research Council and National Institute for Health Research and others; RECOVERY ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04381936; ISRCTN number, 50189673.)
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            Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 — Final Report

            Abstract Background Although several therapeutic agents have been evaluated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), none have yet been shown to be efficacious. Methods We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous remdesivir in adults hospitalized with Covid-19 with evidence of lower respiratory tract involvement. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either remdesivir (200 mg loading dose on day 1, followed by 100 mg daily for up to 9 additional days) or placebo for up to 10 days. The primary outcome was the time to recovery, defined by either discharge from the hospital or hospitalization for infection-control purposes only. Results A total of 1063 patients underwent randomization. The data and safety monitoring board recommended early unblinding of the results on the basis of findings from an analysis that showed shortened time to recovery in the remdesivir group. Preliminary results from the 1059 patients (538 assigned to remdesivir and 521 to placebo) with data available after randomization indicated that those who received remdesivir had a median recovery time of 11 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 9 to 12), as compared with 15 days (95% CI, 13 to 19) in those who received placebo (rate ratio for recovery, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.55; P<0.001). The Kaplan-Meier estimates of mortality by 14 days were 7.1% with remdesivir and 11.9% with placebo (hazard ratio for death, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.47 to 1.04). Serious adverse events were reported for 114 of the 541 patients in the remdesivir group who underwent randomization (21.1%) and 141 of the 522 patients in the placebo group who underwent randomization (27.0%). Conclusions Remdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening the time to recovery in adults hospitalized with Covid-19 and evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; ACTT-1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04280705.)
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              A Proportional Hazards Model for the Subdistribution of a Competing Risk

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biomedica
                Biomedica
                bio
                Biomédica
                Instituto Nacional de Salud
                0120-4157
                2590-7379
                15 October 2021
                October 2021
                : 41
                : Suppl 2
                : 21-28
                Affiliations
                [1 ] originalDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy orgdiv1Department of Biomedical Sciences orgnameHumanitas University Milan, Italy
                [2 ] original Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus orgnameUniversity of Cyprus Nicosia, Cyprus
                [3 ] originalIRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy orgnameIRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital Milan, Italy
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding author: Daniele Piovani, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy Telephone: (+39) (340) 366 5193 dpiovani@ 123456hotmail.com

                All authors contributed to the drafting of the manuscript and approved its final version

                Conflicts of interest: We declare no competing interests.

                Article
                10.7705/biomedica.5987
                8582431
                34669275
                26f7a67c-dd51-42c1-bdbe-c8163bb92c7e

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 19 January 2021
                : 13 March 2021
                : 28 May 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Essay

                coronavirus infections,betacoronavirus,severe acute respiratory syndrome,survival analysis,data interpretation, statistical,infecciones por coronavirus,síndrome respiratorio agudo grave,análisis de supervivencia,interpretación estadística de datos

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