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      Understanding the Healthy Immigrant Effect in the Context of Mental Health Challenges: A Systematic Critical Review

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          Abstract

          The “Healthy Immigrant Effect” (HIE) suggests that immigrants have a health advantage over the domestic-born which vanishes with increased length of residency. Most HIE research focuses on physical health, with less attention given to mental health (MH). This systematic review of 58 MH studies examines whether there is a MH advantage among immigrants and explores changes in immigrants’ MH, besides critically assessing the use of HIE theory. Inconsistent evidence was detected regarding the presence of MH advantage, whereas consistent, convincing evidence was revealed for a decline in immigrants’ MH over years. Although the HIE theory can help reveal MH disparities, this theory alone does not explain the reasons for these disparities nor inform about potential avenues to improve immigrants’ MH. A paradigm shift is needed to incorporate other potential theoretical concepts/frameworks, including the “Health Inequalities Action” framework, for a broader understanding of MH issues and to inform effective, culturally-sensitive interventions.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10903-021-01313-5.

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          Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement

          David Moher, Larissa Shamseer, Mike Clarke … (2017)
          Systematic reviews should build on a protocol that describes the rationale, hypothesis, and planned methods of the review; few reviews report whether a protocol exists. Detailed, well-described protocols can facilitate the understanding and appraisal of the review methods, as well as the detection of modifications to methods and selective reporting in completed reviews. We describe the development of a reporting guideline, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses for Protocols 2015 (PRISMA-P 2015). PRISMA-P consists of a 17-item checklist intended to facilitate the preparation and reporting of a robust protocol for the systematic review. Funders and those commissioning reviews might consider mandating the use of the checklist to facilitate the submission of relevant protocol information in funding applications. Similarly, peer reviewers and editors can use the guidance to gauge the completeness and transparency of a systematic review protocol submitted for publication in a journal or other medium.
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            A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents.

            J Sallis, J J Prochaska, W C Taylor (2000)
            Understanding the factors that influence physical activity can aid the design of more effective interventions. Previous reviews of correlates of youth physical activity have produced conflicting results. A comprehensive review of correlates of physical activity was conducted, and semiquantitative results were summarized separately for children (ages 3-12) and adolescents (ages 13-18). The 108 studies evaluated 40 variables for children and 48 variables for adolescents. About 60% of all reported associations with physical activity were statistically significant. Variables that were consistently associated with children's physical activity were sex (male), parental overweight status, physical activity preferences, intention to be active, perceived barriers (inverse), previous physical activity, healthy diet, program/facility access, and time spent outdoors. Variables that were consistently associated with adolescents' physical activity were sex (male), ethnicity (white), age (inverse), perceived activity competence, intentions, depression (inverse), previous physical activity, community sports, sensation seeking, sedentary after school and on weekends (inverse), parent support, support from others, sibling physical activity, direct help from parents, and opportunities to exercise. These consistently related variables should be confirmed in prospective studies, and interventions to improve the modifiable variables should be developed and evaluated.
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              What is resilience? A review and concept analysis

              Gill Windle (2011)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Sarah Elshahat:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5450-8158
                elshahas@mcmaster.ca
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Immigr Minor Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Immigr Minor Health
                Title: Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health
                Publisher: Springer US (New York )
                ISSN (Print): 1557-1912
                ISSN (Electronic): 1557-1920
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 November 2021
                Pages: 1-16
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.25073.33, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8227, Faculty of Social Sciences, , McMaster University, ; CNH 527, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L9 Canada
                [2 ]GRID grid.25073.33, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8227, School of Earth, Environment & Society, , McMaster University, ; Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1 Canada
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5450-8158
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1313
                DOI: 10.1007/s10903-021-01313-5
                PMC ID: 8606270
                PubMed ID: 34807354
                SO-VID: 269ce0c3-470d-4fc9-9703-cc4197373748
                Copyright © © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date accepted : 1 November 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: the social sciences and humanities research council of canada
                Categories
                Subject: Review Paper

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Health & Social care
                Keywords: healthy immigrant effect,years since immigration effect,immigrants,mental health,depression,anxiety
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Health & Social care
                Keywords: healthy immigrant effect, years since immigration effect, immigrants, mental health, depression, anxiety

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