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      Self-reported illness and household strategies for coping with health-care payments in Bangladesh Translated title: Maladies auto-déclarées et stratégies des ménages pour faire face aux paiements des soins de santé au Bangladesh Translated title: Las enfermedades declaradas por los propios pacientes y estrategias de los hogares para hacer frente a los pagos sanitarios en Bangladesh

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To investigate self-reported illness and household strategies for coping with payments for health care in a city in Bangladesh. METHODS: A cluster-sampled probability survey of 1593 households in the city of Rajshahi, Bangladesh, was conducted in 2011. Multilevel logistic regression - with adjustment for any clustering within households - was used to examine the risk of self-reported illness in the previous 30 days. A multilevel Poisson regression model, with adjustment for clustering within households and individuals, was used to explore factors potentially associated with the risk of health-care-related "distress" financing (e.g. paying for health care by borrowing, selling, reducing food expenditure, removing children from school or performing additional paid work). FINDINGS: According to the interviewees, about 45% of the surveyed individuals had suffered at least one episode of illness in the previous 30 days. The most frequently reported illnesses among children younger than 5 years and adults were common tropical infections and noncommunicable diseases, respectively. The risks of self-reported illness in the previous 30 days were relatively high for adults older than 44 years, women and members of households in the poorest quintile. Distress financing, which had been implemented to cover health-care payments associated with 13% of the reported episodes, was significantly associated with heart and liver disease, asthma, typhoid, inpatient care, the use of public outpatient facilities, and poverty at the household level. CONCLUSION: Despite the subsidization of public health services in Bangladesh, high prevalences of distress financing - and illness - were detected in the surveyed, urban households.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIF: Étudier les maladies auto-déclarées et les stratégies des ménages pour faire face aux paiements des soins de santé dans une ville du Bangladesh. MÉTHODES: Une étude de probabilité menée sur un échantillon de 1593 ménages de la ville de Rajshahi, au Bangladesh, a été réalisée en 2011. Une régression logistique multi-niveaux, avec ajustement pour tous les regroupements au sein des ménages, a été réalisée pour examiner le risque de maladie auto-déclarée dans les 30 jours précédant l'enquête. Un modèle multi-niveaux de régression de Poisson, avec ajustement pour tous les regroupements au sein des ménages et pour les individus, a été utilisé pour examiner les facteurs potentiellement associés au financement «à risque» des soins de santé (par exemple, payer les soins de santé en empruntant, en vendant ses biens, en réduisant ses dépenses de nourriture, en retirant ses enfants de l'école ou en acceptant un travail rémunéré supplémentaire). RÉSULTATS: D'après les personnes interrogées, environ 45% des individus avaient été affectés par une maladie dans les 30 jours qui précédaient. Les maladies les plus fréquemment signalées chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans et les adultes étaient respectivement des infections tropicales courantes et des maladies non transmissibles. Les risques de maladies auto-déclarées dans les 30 jours précédents étaient relativement élevés pour les personnes âgées de plus de 44 ans, les femmes et les membres des ménages du quintile le plus pauvre. Le financement «à risque», mis en place pour couvrir les paiements des soins de santé, et associé à 13% des cas déclarés, était significativement lié aux maladies du cœur et du foie, à l'asthme, à la fièvre typhoïde, aux soins hospitaliers, à l'utilisation des services de soins ambulatoires publics et au niveau de pauvreté des ménages. CONCLUSION: Malgré les subventions accordées par les services de santé publique au Bangladesh, les prévalences élevées de financement «à risque» - et la maladie - ont été détectées chez les ménages urbains interrogés.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Investigar las enfermedades declaradas por los propios pacientes y las estrategias de los hogares para hacer frente a los pagos sanitarios en una ciudad de Bangladesh. MÉTODOS: En el año 2011 se llevó a cabo un estudio de probabilidades sobre muestras en grupos de 1593 hogares. Se empleó una regresión logística multinivel con un ajuste para cualquier agrupación dentro de los hogares para evaluar el riesgo de enfermedad declarada por el propio paciente en los 30 días previos. Para examinar los factores que podrían estar asociados con el riesgo de sufrir dificultades económicas relacionadas con la salud (por ejemplo, pagar la atención sanitaria con préstamos, ventas, reducción del gasto en alimentos, retirar a los niños de la escuela o realizar trabajos remunerados adicionales) se utilizó un modelo de regresión de Poisson multinivel con un ajuste para los agrupamientos dentro de los hogares e individuos. RESULTADOS: De acuerdo con los entrevistados, aproximadamente el 45% de los individuos encuestados había sufrido al menos un episodio de enfermedad en los 30 días previos. Las enfermedades declaradas más frecuentemente entre niños menores de cinco años y adultos fueron, respectivamente, infecciones tropicales comunes y enfermedades no contagiosas. El riesgo de enfermedad declarada por el propio paciente en los 30 días previos fue relativamente elevado en los adultos mayores de 44 años, las mujeres y los miembros de los hogares del quintil más pobre. Las dificultades económicas derivadas de cubrir los pagos sanitarios asociados con el 13% de los episodios declarados estuvieron relacionadas de forma significativa con enfermedades cardíacas y hepáticas, asma, fiebre tifoidea, atención hospitalaria, el uso de los centros ambulatorios públicos y la pobreza del hogar. CONCLUSIÓN: A pesar de la subvención de los servicios públicos de salud en Bangladesh, se detectó una prevalencia elevada de dificultades económicas y enfermedades en los hogares urbanos encuestados.

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          Double burden of noncommunicable and infectious diseases in developing countries.

          On top of the unfinished agenda of infectious diseases in low- and middle-income countries, development, industrialization, urbanization, investment, and aging are drivers of an epidemic of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Malnutrition and infection in early life increase the risk of chronic NCDs in later life, and in adult life, combinations of major NCDs and infections, such as diabetes and tuberculosis, can interact adversely. Because intervention against either health problem will affect the other, intervening jointly against noncommunicable and infectious diseases, rather than competing for limited funds, is an important policy consideration requiring new thinking and approaches.
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            Coping with out-of-pocket health payments: empirical evidence from 15 African countries

            OBJECTIVE: To explore factors associated with household coping behaviours in the face of health expenditures in 15 African countries and provide evidence for policy-makers in designing financial health protection mechanisms. METHODS: A series of logit regressions were performed to explore factors correlating with a greater likelihood of selling assets, borrowing or both to finance health care. The average partial effects for different levels of spending on inpatient care were derived by computing the partial effects for each observation and taking the average across the sample. Data used in the analysis were from the 2002-2003 World Health Survey, which asked how households had financed out-of-pocket payments over the previous year. Households selling assets or borrowing money were compared to those that financed health care from income or savings. Those that used insurance were excluded. For the analysis, a value of 1 was assigned to selling assets or borrowing money and a value of 0 to other coping mechanisms. FINDINGS: Coping through borrowing and selling assets ranged from 23% of households in Zambia to 68% in Burkina Faso. In general, the highest income groups were less likely to borrow and sell assets, but coping mechanisms did not differ strongly among lower income quintiles. Households with higher inpatient expenses were significantly more likely to borrow and deplete assets compared to those financing outpatient care or routine medical expenses, except in Burkina Faso, Namibia and Swaziland. In eight countries, the coefficient on the highest quintile of inpatient spending had a P-value below 0.01. CONCLUSION: In most African countries, the health financing system is too weak to protect households from health shocks. Borrowing and selling assets to finance health care are common. Formal prepayment schemes could benefit many households, and an overall social protection network could help to mitigate the long-term effects of ill health on household well-being and support poverty reduction.
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              Political and economic aspects of the transition to universal health coverage.

              Countries have reached universal health coverage by different paths and with varying health systems. Nonetheless, the trajectory toward universal health coverage regularly has three common features. The first is a political process driven by a variety of social forces to create public programmes or regulations that expand access to care, improve equity, and pool financial risks. The second is a growth in incomes and a concomitant rise in health spending, which buys more health services for more people. The third is an increase in the share of health spending that is pooled rather than paid out-of-pocket by households. This pooled share is sometimes mobilised as taxes and channelled through governments that provide or subsidise care--in other cases it is mobilised in the form of contributions to mandatory insurance schemes. The predominance of pooled spending is a necessary condition (but not sufficient) for achieving universal health coverage. This paper describes common patterns in countries that have successfully provided universal access to health care and considers how economic growth, demographics, technology, politics, and health spending have intersected to bring about this major development in public health. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra )
                0042-9686
                June 2013
                : 91
                : 6
                : 449-458
                Affiliations
                [1 ] The University of Tokyo Japan
                [2 ] University of Rajshahi Bangladesh
                Article
                S0042-96862013000600013
                10.2471/BLT.12.115428
                3777143
                24052682
                248405ab-6e9c-4d81-8b11-8f5b6e2bcf40

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0042-9686&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Public health

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