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      Unveiling blood donation knowledge, attitude, and practices among 12,606 university students: a cross-sectional study across 16 countries

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          Abstract

          We assessed university students’ knowledge, attitude, and practice toward blood donation and identified the factors that promote or hinder their willingness to donate. We employed a multicenter cross-sectional design, collecting data from August to October 2022 through self-administered questionnaires available in Arabic and English. Both online (Google Forms) and paper surveys were utilized. Data were analyzed using R Statistical Software (v4.1.3; R Core Team 2022). A total of 12,606 university students (7966 females and 4640 males) from 16 countries completed the questionnaire; of them, 28.5% had a good knowledge level regarding blood donation, and 22.7% had donated blood at least once. Students in health science colleges had significantly more awareness of blood donation ( p-value < 0.001), but there were no significant differences in practice ( p-value = 0.8). Barriers to donation included not being asked (37%), medical ineligibility (33%), fear of pain or infection (18%), concerns about negative health effects (18%), difficulty accessing donation centers (15%), and medical mistrust (14%). Individuals aged > 20 years had significantly higher odds of possessing a high knowledge level (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.77, p < 0.001). Private and international university enrollment was associated with increased knowledge (aOR 1.19, p-value < 0.001 and aOR 1.44, p-value = 0.003), while non-health science college students had lower odds (aOR 0.36, p < 0.001). Regarding blood donation status, participants > 20 years old were more likely to donate (aOR 2.21, p < 0.001). Conversely, being female, having congenital or chronic diseases, and possessing low knowledge levels were associated with decreased odds of blood donation (all p < 0.05). University students show insufficient knowledge about blood donation, with health science students displaying higher awareness levels. Despite their positive attitudes, blood donation rates remain low across all disciplines. It is imperative to enhance education and accessibility to foster a culture of blood donation among students.

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          Most cited references32

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          World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.

          (2013)
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            The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.

            Much of biomedical research is observational. The reporting of such research is often inadequate, which hampers the assessment of its strengths and weaknesses and of a study's generalizability. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Initiative developed recommendations on what should be included in an accurate and complete report of an observational study. We defined the scope of the recommendations to cover three main study designs: cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies. We convened a 2-day workshop in September 2004, with methodologists, researchers, and journal editors to draft a checklist of items. This list was subsequently revised during several meetings of the coordinating group and in e-mail discussions with the larger group of STROBE contributors, taking into account empirical evidence and methodological considerations. The workshop and the subsequent iterative process of consultation and revision resulted in a checklist of 22 items (the STROBE Statement) that relate to the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections of articles. Eighteen items are common to all three study designs and four are specific for cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional studies. A detailed Explanation and Elaboration document is published separately and is freely available on the web sites of PLoS Medicine, Annals of Internal Medicine, and Epidemiology. We hope that the STROBE Statement will contribute to improving the quality of reporting of observational studies.
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              Gender differences in giving blood: a review of the literature.

              An overview of European blood donors shows that the distribution of men and women donors is similar in many countries, with Italy being an exception in that women account for only 30% of donors. Gender medicine is a key issue in this context, even though gender studies are very limited in the transfusion field, whether considered broadly or with specific regards to the selection, management and retention of donors. It, therefore, seemed important to compare the presence of women among blood donors in different European countries and examine the roles that gender is reported to play in the donation of blood in order to identify possible implications for communication with and management of the donor. To determine the proportion of women among donors in European countries, data were collected from annual reports or documents available on the websites of national associations; furthermore, all papers related to giving blood published in the five main journals in the sector (Transfusion, Vox Sanguinis, Transfusion and Apheresis Science, Transfusion Medicine, Blood Transfusion) were considered; about 80 publications were selected and the gender variable was examined. The published studies showed that gender plays key roles in the motivation to give blood (women being more altruistic, men being more individualistic) and in adverse reactions, which was a particularly critical problem leading to fewer women become regular donors. A few aspects specific to the management of donors in Italy also emerged. Gender seems to play an important role in the aspects studied and does, therefore, merit further consideration in relation to strategies to recruit donors and the management of critical events during donation.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                mahmoud011467@medicine.zu.edu.eg , Mahmoud_Ebada@outlook.com
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                8 April 2024
                8 April 2024
                2024
                : 14
                : 8219
                Affiliations
                [1 ]École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, ( https://ror.org/00hx6zz33) 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
                [2 ]Eltewacy Arab Research Group (EARG), Cairo, Egypt
                [3 ]Qena Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, ( https://ror.org/00jxshx33) Qena, Egypt
                [4 ]Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, ( https://ror.org/05pn4yv70) Beni-Suef, Egypt
                [5 ]Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, ( https://ror.org/053g6we49) Zagazig, El-Sharkia Egypt
                [6 ]GRID grid.415762.3, Egyptian Fellowship of Neurology, , Ministry of Health and Population of Egypt, ; Cairo, Egypt
                [7 ]Emergency Medicine and Traumatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, ( https://ror.org/016jp5b92) Tanta, Egypt
                [8 ]Karary University, ( https://ror.org/03ws81249) Omdurman, Sudan
                [9 ]Alnoor University College, Mosul, Iraq
                [10 ]Central Park Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
                [11 ]Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, ( https://ror.org/00taa2s29) Tripoli, Libya
                [12 ]GRID grid.133800.9, ISNI 0000 0001 0436 6817, Al-Azhar University Gaza (AUG), ; Gaza, Palestine
                [13 ]Alzaiem Alazhari University (AAU), ( https://ror.org/01j7x7d84) Khartoum, Sudan
                [14 ]Faculty of Pharmacy, Taif University, ( https://ror.org/014g1a453) Taif, Saudi Arabia
                [15 ]Faculty of Medicine, Al Quds University, ( https://ror.org/04hym7e04) Jerusalem, Palestine
                [16 ]College of Medicine, University of Duhok, ( https://ror.org/02g07ds81) Duhok, Iraq
                [17 ]Faculty of Medicine of Algiers1, University of Algiers1, ( https://ror.org/01pynjp12) Algiers, Algeria
                [18 ]Department of General Medicine, Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana India
                [19 ]Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, ( https://ror.org/03m098d13) Damascus, Syria
                [20 ]Faculty of Medicine, Thamar University, ( https://ror.org/04tsbkh63) Dhamar, Yemen
                [21 ]Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
                [22 ]GRID grid.411675.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0490 4867, Faculty of Medicine, , Bezmialem University, ; Istanbul, Turkey
                [23 ]Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Mohammed V University, ( https://ror.org/00r8w8f84) Rabat, Morocco
                [24 ]Islamic University of Gaza, ( https://ror.org/057ts1y80) Gaza, Palestine
                [25 ]The Hashemite University, ( https://ror.org/04a1r5z94) Zarqa, Jordan
                [26 ]Kasr Alainy Medical School, Cairo University, ( https://ror.org/03q21mh05) Giza, Egypt
                [27 ]Department of Biomedical Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, ( https://ror.org/0492nfe34) Cape Coast, Ghana
                [28 ]Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, ( https://ror.org/03mzvxz96) Aleppo, Syria
                [29 ]Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, ( https://ror.org/02jbayz55) Khartoum, Sudan
                [30 ]College of Medicine, Sulaiman Alrajhi University, Albukayriah, Al-Qassim Saudi Arabia
                [31 ]Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, ( https://ror.org/04hcvaf32) Sanaa, Yemen
                [32 ]Stemosis Association for Scientific Research, Damascus, Syria
                [33 ]Faculty of Medical Technology, University of Tripoli, ( https://ror.org/00taa2s29) Tripoli, Libya
                [34 ]Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University in Cairo, ( https://ror.org/05fnp1145) Cairo, Egypt
                [35 ]University of Jordan, ( https://ror.org/05k89ew48) Amman, Jordan
                [36 ]Almughtaribeen University, ( https://ror.org/01aepry57) Khartoum, Sudan
                [37 ]University of Mohammed V of Health Sciences, ( https://ror.org/00r8w8f84) Rabat, Morocco
                [38 ]Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, ( https://ror.org/01xytvd82) Karachi, Pakistan
                [39 ]Hashemite University, ( https://ror.org/04a1r5z94) Zarqa, Jordan
                [40 ]Faculty of Medicine, Algiers University, ( https://ror.org/011r6gp69) Algiers, Algeria
                [41 ]General Surgery Department, Hashemite Universit, ( https://ror.org/04a1r5z94) Zarqa, Jordan
                [42 ]21 September University of Medical and Applied Science, Boston, USA
                [43 ]Faculty of Medicine, MMMP, Mansoura University, ( https://ror.org/01k8vtd75) Mansoura, Egypt
                [44 ]Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
                [45 ]College of Applied Sciences, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, Bukayriah, Al Qassim Saudi Arabia
                [46 ]College of Medicine, University of Zakho, ( https://ror.org/05sd1pz50) Zakho, Iraq
                [47 ]Medical School, İstanbul University, ( https://ror.org/03a5qrr21) Istanbul, Turkey
                [48 ]Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, ( https://ror.org/03q21mh05) Giza, Egypt
                [49 ]Bezmialem Vakif University, ( https://ror.org/04z60tq39) Istanbul, Turkey
                [50 ]University Abu Bekr Belkaid—TLEMCEN, Tlemcen, Algeria
                [51 ]Faculty of Medecine, University of Constantine 3, ( https://ror.org/04wk25q62) El Khroub, Algeria
                [52 ]University of Cape Coast, ( https://ror.org/0492nfe34) Cape Coast, Ghana
                [53 ]University of Science and Technology, Yemen (UST), ( https://ror.org/05bj7sh33) Aden, Yemen
                [54 ]Faculty of Medicine, Islamic University of Gaza, ( https://ror.org/057ts1y80) Gaza, Palestine
                [55 ]Faculty of Public Relations and Media, University of Tripoli, ( https://ror.org/00taa2s29) Tripoli, Libya
                [56 ]Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, ( https://ror.org/00jxshx33) Qena, Egypt
                [57 ]Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Cape Coast, ( https://ror.org/0492nfe34) Cape Coast, Ghana
                [58 ]King Edward Medical University, ( https://ror.org/02rrbpf42) Lahore, Pakistan
                [59 ]Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, An-Najah National University, ( https://ror.org/0046mja08) Nablus, Palestine
                [60 ]King Hamad University Hospital, ( https://ror.org/0538fxe03) Al Sayh, Bahrain
                [61 ]GRID grid.440473.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0410 1298, Faculty of Medicine, , University of Badji Mokhtar Annaba, ; Annaba, Algeria
                [62 ]Karachi Medical and Dental College, ( https://ror.org/02afbf040) Karachi, Pakistan
                [63 ]Annaba, Algeria
                [64 ]Faculty of Dentistry, Tishreen University, ( https://ror.org/04nqts970) Lattakia, Syria
                [65 ]Aga Khan University Hospital, ( https://ror.org/03rppv730) Nairobi, Kenya
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5284-2929
                Article
                58284
                10.1038/s41598-024-58284-4
                11001850
                38589387
                23c109ff-f541-486e-9b9d-ed2e6855643d
                © The Author(s) 2024

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 18 October 2023
                : 27 March 2024
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                © Springer Nature Limited 2024

                Uncategorized
                blood donation,university students,multinational,cross-sectional study,health care,medical research,cancer

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