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      The Cosmological Constant

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          Abstract

          This is a review of the physics and cosmology of the cosmological constant. Focusing on recent developments, I present a pedagogical overview of cosmology in the presence of a cosmological constant, observational constraints on its magnitude, and the physics of a small (and potentially nonzero) vacuum energy.

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          An Alternative to Compactification

          Raman Sundrum, Lisa Randall (1999)
          Conventional wisdom states that Newton's force law implies only four non-compact dimensions. We demonstrate that this is not necessarily true in the presence of a non-factorizable background geometry. The specific example we study is a single 3-brane embedded in five dimensions. We show that even without a gap in the Kaluza-Klein spectrum, four-dimensional Newtonian and general relativistic gravity is reproduced to more than adequate precision.
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            Measurements of Omega and Lambda from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae

            D. E. Groom, S. Perlmutter, G. Aldering … (1998)
            We report measurements of the mass density, Omega_M, and cosmological-constant energy density, Omega_Lambda, of the universe based on the analysis of 42 Type Ia supernovae discovered by the Supernova Cosmology Project. The magnitude-redshift data for these SNe, at redshifts between 0.18 and 0.83, are fit jointly with a set of SNe from the Calan/Tololo Supernova Survey, at redshifts below 0.1, to yield values for the cosmological parameters. All SN peak magnitudes are standardized using a SN Ia lightcurve width-luminosity relation. The measurement yields a joint probability distribution of the cosmological parameters that is approximated by the relation 0.8 Omega_M - 0.6 Omega_Lambda ~= -0.2 +/- 0.1 in the region of interest (Omega_M 0) = 99%, including the identified systematic uncertainties. The best-fit age of the universe relative to the Hubble time is t_0 = 14.9{+1.4,-1.1} (0.63/h) Gyr for a flat cosmology. The size of our sample allows us to perform a variety of statistical tests to check for possible systematic errors and biases. We find no significant differences in either the host reddening distribution or Malmquist bias between the low-redshift Calan/Tololo sample and our high-redshift sample. The conclusions are robust whether or not a width-luminosity relation is used to standardize the SN peak magnitudes.
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              Cosmological Imprint of an Energy Component with General Equation of State

              Rahul Dave, Paul J. Steinhardt, R. Caldwell (1997)
              We examine the possibility that a significant component of the energy density of the universe has an equation-of-state different from that of matter, radiation or cosmological constant (\(\Lambda\)). An example is a cosmic scalar field evolving in a potential, but our treatment is more general. Including this component alters cosmic evolution in a way that fits current observations well. Unlike \(\Lambda\), it evolves dynamically and develops fluctuations, leaving a distinctive imprint on the microwave background anisotropy and mass power spectrum.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Publication date Created: 06 April 2000
                Publication date Updated: 2000-04-07
                Article
                DOI: 10.12942/lrr-2001-1
                ArXiV ID: astro-ph/0004075
                SO-VID: 22221a65-604a-4941-9374-d6bc590b2a64
                History
                Custom metadata
                Report No EFI-2000-13
                Journal reference LivingRev.Rel.4:1,2001
                Comments 50 pages. Submitted to Living Reviews in Relativity (http://www.livingreviews.org/), December 1999
                Categories astro-ph gr-qc hep-ph hep-th

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