For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
13
views
118
references
 Top references
cited by
12
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      326
      similar
       All similar
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Setting the stage: The initial immune response to blood-stage parasites

      review-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          ABSTRACT

          Individuals growing up in malaria endemic areas gradually develop protection against clinical malaria and passive transfer experiments in humans have demonstrated that this protection is mediated in part by protective antibodies. However, neither the target antigens, specific effector mechanisms, nor the role of continual parasite exposure have been elucidated, which complicates vaccine development. Progress has been made in defining the innate signaling pathways activated by parasite components, including DNA, RNA, hemozoin, and phospholipids, which initiate the immune response and will be the focus of this review. The challenge that remains within the field is to understand the role of these early responses in the development of protective adaptive responses that clear iRBC and block merozoite invasion so that optimal vaccines and therapeutics may be produced.

          Graphical Abstract

          Related collections

          Most cited references118

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Antiviral actions of interferons.

          C Samuel (2001)
          Tremendous progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of the antiviral actions of interferons (IFNs), as well as strategies evolved by viruses to antagonize the actions of IFNs. Furthermore, advances made while elucidating the IFN system have contributed significantly to our understanding in multiple areas of virology and molecular cell biology, ranging from pathways of signal transduction to the biochemical mechanisms of transcriptional and translational control to the molecular basis of viral pathogenesis. IFNs are approved therapeutics and have moved from the basic research laboratory to the clinic. Among the IFN-induced proteins important in the antiviral actions of IFNs are the RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), the 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) and RNase L, and the Mx protein GTPases. Double-stranded RNA plays a central role in modulating protein phosphorylation and RNA degradation catalyzed by the IFN-inducible PKR kinase and the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate-dependent RNase L, respectively, and also in RNA editing by the IFN-inducible RNA-specific adenosine deaminase (ADAR1). IFN also induces a form of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS2) and the major histocompatibility complex class I and II proteins, all of which play important roles in immune response to infections. Several additional genes whose expression profiles are altered in response to IFN treatment and virus infection have been identified by microarray analyses. The availability of cDNA and genomic clones for many of the components of the IFN system, including IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-gamma, their receptors, Jak and Stat and IRF signal transduction components, and proteins such as PKR, 2',5'-OAS, Mx, and ADAR, whose expression is regulated by IFNs, has permitted the generation of mutant proteins, cells that overexpress different forms of the proteins, and animals in which their expression has been disrupted by targeted gene disruption. The use of these IFN system reagents, both in cell culture and in whole animals, continues to provide important contributions to our understanding of the virus-host interaction and cellular antiviral response.
          Article 0 comments Cited 629 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: not found
            • Article: not found

            Gamma-globulin and acquired immunity to human malaria.

            S. Cohen, I A McGregor, S Carrington (1961)
            Article 1 comments Cited 383 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Interleukins (from IL-1 to IL-38), interferons, transforming growth factor β, and TNF-α: Receptors, functions, and roles in diseases

              Alar Aab, Can Altunbulakli, Kursat Azkur … (2016)
              There have been extensive developments on cellular and molecular mechanisms of immune regulation in allergy, asthma, autoimmune diseases, tumor development, organ transplantation, and chronic infections during the last few years. Better understanding the functions, reciprocal regulation, and counterbalance of subsets of immune and inflammatory cells that interact through interleukins, interferons, TNF-α, and TGF-β offer opportunities for immune interventions and novel treatment modalities in the era of development of biological immune response modifiers particularly targeting these molecules or their receptors. More than 60 cytokines have been designated as interleukins since the initial discoveries of monocyte and lymphocyte interleukins (called IL-1 and IL-2, respectively). Studies of transgenic or gene-deficient mice with altered expression of these cytokines or their receptors and analyses of mutations and polymorphisms in human genes that encode these products have provided essential information about their functions. Here we review recent developments on IL-1 to IL-38, TNF-α, TGF-β, and interferons. We highlight recent advances during the last few years in this area and extensively discuss their cellular sources, targets, receptors, signaling pathways, and roles in immune regulation in patients with allergy and asthma and other inflammatory diseases.
              Article 0 comments Cited 310 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
                Bookmark
                All references

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Virulence
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Virulence
                Journal ID (publisher-id): KVIR
                Journal ID (publisher-id): kvir20
                Title: Virulence
                Publisher: Taylor & Francis
                ISSN (Print): 2150-5594
                ISSN (Electronic): 2150-5608
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 3 January 2020
                Publication date PMC-release: 3 January 2020
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 88-103
                Affiliations
                Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
                Author notes
                CONTACT Kim C. Williamson kim.williamson@ 123456usuhs.edu
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0568-1701
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2749-4082
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1708053
                DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1708053
                PMC ID: 6961725
                PubMed ID: 31900030
                SO-VID: 21b93452-6d2e-41cd-a290-9d83cfae2b2f
                Copyright © This work was authored as part of the Contributor’s official duties as an Employee of the United States Government and is therefore a work of the United States Government. In accordance with 17 U.S.C. 105, no copyright protection is available for such works under U.S. Law.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article that has been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights ( https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/). You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.

                History
                Date received : 30 September 2019
                Date revision received : 5 December 2019
                Date accepted : 9 December 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 3, References: 148, Pages: 16
                Funding
                Funded by: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health 10.13039/100000060
                Award ID: AI110852
                This work was supported by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, Grant AI110852.
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: (5–10): malaria,plasmodium falciparum,monocytes,dendritic cells,gamma-delta t cells,nk cells
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: (5–10): malaria, plasmodium falciparum, monocytes, dendritic cells, gamma-delta t cells, nk cells

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content326

                See all similar

                Cited by12

                See all cited by

                Most referenced authors2,908

                See all reference authors