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      Association between self-reported walking speed and calcaneal stiffness index in postmenopausal Japanese women

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          Abstract

          Background

          Osteoporosis and related fractures, a worldwide public health issue of growing concern, is characterized by compromised bone strength and an increased risk of fracture. Here we show an association between self-reported walking speed and bone mass among community-dwelling postmenopausal Japanese women aged 50 years and older.

          Design; cross-sectional study

          Setting and Participants; The survey population included 1008 postmenopausal women 50–92 years of age residing in rural communities.

          Methods

          Self-reported walking speed was ascertained by asking the participants: “Is your walking speed faster than others of the same age and sex?” to which participants responded “yes (faster)” or “no (moderate/slower).” Calcaneal stiffness index was measured.

          Results

          Women with a faster self-reported walking speed were younger and had a lower BMI, higher stiffness index, and higher grip strength than women with a slower walking speed. Multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for age, BMI, grip strength, comorbidity, current smoking, and alcohol drinking status showed a significant association between faster self-reported walking speed and higher calcaneal stiffness index ( p <  0.001).

          Conclusions

          Our findings suggest that questionnaires of walking speed may be useful for predicting bone mass and that a fast self-reported walking may benefit bone health in postmenopausal women.

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          Most cited references29

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          Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis

          Abstract Background in 2010, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) published a sarcopenia definition that aimed to foster advances in identifying and caring for people with sarcopenia. In early 2018, the Working Group met again (EWGSOP2) to update the original definition in order to reflect scientific and clinical evidence that has built over the last decade. This paper presents our updated findings. Objectives to increase consistency of research design, clinical diagnoses and ultimately, care for people with sarcopenia. Recommendations sarcopenia is a muscle disease (muscle failure) rooted in adverse muscle changes that accrue across a lifetime; sarcopenia is common among adults of older age but can also occur earlier in life. In this updated consensus paper on sarcopenia, EWGSOP2: (1) focuses on low muscle strength as a key characteristic of sarcopenia, uses detection of low muscle quantity and quality to confirm the sarcopenia diagnosis, and identifies poor physical performance as indicative of severe sarcopenia; (2) updates the clinical algorithm that can be used for sarcopenia case-finding, diagnosis and confirmation, and severity determination and (3) provides clear cut-off points for measurements of variables that identify and characterise sarcopenia. Conclusions EWGSOP2's updated recommendations aim to increase awareness of sarcopenia and its risk. With these new recommendations, EWGSOP2 calls for healthcare professionals who treat patients at risk for sarcopenia to take actions that will promote early detection and treatment. We also encourage more research in the field of sarcopenia in order to prevent or delay adverse health outcomes that incur a heavy burden for patients and healthcare systems.
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            Frailty in elderly people

            Frailty is the most problematic expression of population ageing. It is a state of vulnerability to poor resolution of homoeostasis after a stressor event and is a consequence of cumulative decline in many physiological systems during a lifetime. This cumulative decline depletes homoeostatic reserves until minor stressor events trigger disproportionate changes in health status. In landmark studies, investigators have developed valid models of frailty and these models have allowed epidemiological investigations that show the association between frailty and adverse health outcomes. We need to develop more efficient methods to detect frailty and measure its severity in routine clinical practice, especially methods that are useful for primary care. Such progress would greatly inform the appropriate selection of elderly people for invasive procedures or drug treatments and would be the basis for a shift in the care of frail elderly people towards more appropriate goal-directed care. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Gait speed and survival in older adults.

              Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients, but life tables fail to account for the great variability in survival. Physical performance measures, such as gait speed, might help account for variability, allowing clinicians to make more individualized estimates. To evaluate the relationship between gait speed and survival. Pooled analysis of 9 cohort studies (collected between 1986 and 2000), using individual data from 34,485 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years or older with baseline gait speed data, followed up for 6 to 21 years. Participants were a mean (SD) age of 73.5 (5.9) years; 59.6%, women; and 79.8%, white; and had a mean (SD) gait speed of 0.92 (0.27) m/s. Survival rates and life expectancy. There were 17,528 deaths; the overall 5-year survival rate was 84.8% (confidence interval [CI], 79.6%-88.8%) and 10-year survival rate was 59.7% (95% CI, 46.5%-70.6%). Gait speed was associated with survival in all studies (pooled hazard ratio per 0.1 m/s, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.87-0.90; P < .001). Survival increased across the full range of gait speeds, with significant increments per 0.1 m/s. At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women. Predicted survival based on age, sex, and gait speed was as accurate as predicted based on age, sex, use of mobility aids, and self-reported function or as age, sex, chronic conditions, smoking history, blood pressure, body mass index, and hospitalization. In this pooled analysis of individual data from 9 selected cohorts, gait speed was associated with survival in older adults.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                kzarima-ngs@umin.ac.jp
                Journal
                BMC Geriatr
                BMC Geriatr
                BMC Geriatrics
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-2318
                11 November 2020
                11 November 2020
                2020
                : 20
                : 466
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy, Tokyo Professional University of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
                [2 ]GRID grid.174567.6, ISNI 0000 0000 8902 2273, Department of Public Health, , Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, ; 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523 Japan
                [3 ]Department of Rehabilitation, Nishi-Isahaya Hospital, Isahaya, Japan
                [4 ]GRID grid.174567.6, ISNI 0000 0000 8902 2273, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, , Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, ; Nagasaki, Japan
                [5 ]GRID grid.174567.6, ISNI 0000 0000 8902 2273, Department of Community Medicine, , Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, ; Nagasaki, Japan
                [6 ]GRID grid.177174.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2242 4849, Department of Human Science, , Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, ; Fukuoka, Japan
                [7 ]GRID grid.440953.f, ISNI 0000 0001 0697 5210, Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, , Tokyo Kasei University, ; Saitama, Japan
                [8 ]GRID grid.411151.1, ISNI 0000 0000 9012 7320, Faculty of Health Science, , Kumamoto Health Science University, ; Kumamoto, Japan
                [9 ]GRID grid.258333.c, ISNI 0000 0001 1167 1801, Department of Health Science, , Faculty of Medicine Kagoshima University, ; Kagoshima, Japan
                [10 ]GRID grid.174567.6, ISNI 0000 0000 8902 2273, Department of Health Science, , Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, ; Nagasaki, Japan
                [11 ]Ken-Hoku Health Care Office, Nagasaki, Japan
                [12 ]Medical Policy Division, Nagasaki Prefectural Government, Nagasaki, Japan
                [13 ]Ken-Nan Health Care Office, Nagasaki, Japan
                [14 ]GRID grid.174567.6, ISNI 0000 0000 8902 2273, Center for Public Relations Strategy, , Nagasaki University, ; Nagasaki, Japan
                [15 ]GRID grid.174567.6, ISNI 0000 0000 8902 2273, Department of island and rural medical research, , Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, ; Nagasaki, Japan
                [16 ]GRID grid.174567.6, ISNI 0000 0000 8902 2273, Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, , Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, ; Nagasaki, Japan
                [17 ]GRID grid.174567.6, ISNI 0000 0000 8902 2273, Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, , Nagasaki University, ; Nagasaki, Japan
                [18 ]GRID grid.174567.6, ISNI 0000 0000 8902 2273, Center for Comprehensive Community Care Education, , Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, ; Nagasaki, Japan
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1149-9428
                Article
                1858
                10.1186/s12877-020-01858-4
                7661156
                33176711
                1cfe51a0-5fb7-4be3-ab23-b4005c763051
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 14 April 2020
                : 30 October 2020
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Geriatric medicine
                self-reported walking speed,calcaneal stiffness index,postmenopausal women

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