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      Fire and grass-bedding construction 200 thousand years ago at Border Cave, South Africa

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          Abstract

          Early plant use is seldom described in the archaeological record because of poor preservation. We report the discovery of grass bedding used to create comfortable areas for sleeping and working by people who lived in Border Cave at least 200,000 years ago. Sheaves of grass belonging to the broad-leafed Panicoideae subfamily were placed near the back of the cave on ash layers that were often remnants of bedding burned for site maintenance. This strategy is one forerunner of more-complex behavior that is archaeologically discernible from ~100,000 years ago.

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          Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals

          B Evans, D. Whitney (2009)
          Article 0 comments Cited 262 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe.

            W Roebroeks, P Villa (2011)
            The timing of the human control of fire is a hotly debated issue, with claims for regular fire use by early hominins in Africa at ∼ 1.6 million y ago. These claims are not uncontested, but most archaeologists would agree that the colonization of areas outside Africa, especially of regions such as Europe where temperatures at time dropped below freezing, was indeed tied to the use of fire. Our review of the European evidence suggests that early hominins moved into northern latitudes without the habitual use of fire. It was only much later, from ∼ 300,000 to 400,000 y ago onward, that fire became a significant part of the hominin technological repertoire. It is also from the second half of the Middle Pleistocene onward that we can observe spectacular cases of Neandertal pyrotechnological knowledge in the production of hafting materials. The increase in the number of sites with good evidence of fire throughout the Late Pleistocene shows that European Neandertals had fire management not unlike that documented for Upper Paleolithic groups.
            Article 0 comments Cited 182 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Embers of society: Firelight talk among the Ju/'hoansi Bushmen.

              Polly Wiessner (2014)
              Much attention has been focused on control of fire in human evolution and the impact of cooking on anatomy, social, and residential arrangements. However, little is known about what transpired when firelight extended the day, creating effective time for social activities that did not conflict with productive time for subsistence activities. Comparison of 174 day and nighttime conversations among the Ju/'hoan (!Kung) Bushmen of southern Africa, supplemented by 68 translated texts, suggests that day talk centers on economic matters and gossip to regulate social relations. Night activities steer away from tensions of the day to singing, dancing, religious ceremonies, and enthralling stories, often about known people. Such stories describe the workings of entire institutions in a small-scale society with little formal teaching. Night talk plays an important role in evoking higher orders of theory of mind via the imagination, conveying attributes of people in broad networks (virtual communities), and transmitting the "big picture" of cultural institutions that generate regularity of behavior, cooperation, and trust at the regional level. Findings from the Ju/'hoan are compared with other hunter-gatherer societies and related to the widespread human use of firelight for intimate conversation and our appetite for evening stories. The question is raised as to what happens when economically unproductive firelit time is turned to productive time by artificial lighting.
              Article 0 comments Cited 92 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Lyn Wadley: (View ORCID Profile)
                Irene Esteban: (View ORCID Profile)
                Paloma de la Peña: (View ORCID Profile)
                Marine Wojcieszak: (View ORCID Profile)
                Dominic Stratford: (View ORCID Profile)
                Sandra Lennox: (View ORCID Profile)
                Francesco d’Errico: (View ORCID Profile)
                Daniela Eugenia Rosso: (View ORCID Profile)
                Lucinda Backwell: (View ORCID Profile)
                Christine Sievers: (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                Title: Science
                Abbreviated Title: Science
                Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
                ISSN (Print): 0036-8075
                ISSN (Electronic): 1095-9203
                Publication date Created: August 13 2020
                Publication date Created: August 14 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): August 13 2020
                Publication date (Print): August 14 2020
                Volume: 369
                Issue: 6505
                Pages: 863-866
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein 2001, Johannesburg, South Africa.
                [2 ]African Centre for Coastal Palaeoscience, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape 6031, South Africa.
                [3 ]Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage, Jubelpark 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
                [4 ]Archaeology Division, School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein 2001, Johannesburg, South Africa.
                [5 ]PACEA UMR 5199, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33600 Pessac, France.
                [6 ]SFF Centre for Early Sapiens Behaviour (SapienCE), University of Bergen, Øysteinsgate 3, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
                [7 ]CNRS - CEPAM UMR 7264, Université Côte d’Azur, 24, Avenue des Diables Bleus, 06300 Nice, France.
                [8 ]Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Dipartimento degli Studi Umanistici, Sezione di Scienze Preistoriche e Antropologiche, Corso Ercole I d’Este 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
                [9 ]Université Côte d’Azur, Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée (CCMA), 28, Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.
                [10 ]Instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales (ISES-CONICET), San Lorenzo 429, San Miguel de Tucumán, CP4000, Tucumán, Argentina.
                Article
                DOI: 10.1126/science.abc7239
                SO-VID: 1b21edc5-fde0-464f-b4a3-c8305b706ac7
                Copyright © © 2020
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                https://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse

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