Artificial intelligence: revolutionizing cardiology with large language models

Graphical Abstract

Graphical Abstract

Overview of input sources (top) to train or fine-tune cardio large language models and different applications (bottom). ECG, electrocardiogram; Q&A, questions and answers.

Abstract

Natural language processing techniques are having an increasing impact on clinical care from patient, clinician, administrator, and research perspective. Among others are automated generation of clinical notes and discharge letters, medical term coding for billing, medical chatbots both for patients and clinicians, data enrichment in the identification of disease symptoms or diagnosis, cohort selection for clinical trial, and auditing purposes. In the review, an overview of the history in natural language processing techniques developed with brief technical background is presented. Subsequently, the review will discuss implementation strategies of natural language processing tools, thereby specifically focusing on large language models, and conclude with future opportunities in the application of such techniques in the field of cardiology.