On the validity of “ Candidatus  Dirofilaria hongkongensis” and on the use of the provisional status  Candidatus  in zoological nomenclature

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Abstract

The fast development of molecular taxonomy is impacting our knowledge of the world parasite diversity at an unprecedented level. A number of operational taxonomic units have been uncovered and new species described. However, it is not always that new parasite species are being described in compliance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. This is the case of “ Candidatus Dirofilaria hongkongensis”, a nematode found in dogs, jackals and humans in Hong Kong and parts of India. This name has been proposed without a formal description and without the designation of a holotype, and therefore is an unavailable name. Finally, we argue that using the provisional status Candidatus in zoological nomenclature is inappropriate, considering this term is not considered in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

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Most cited references 22

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International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes.

Charles Parker, Brian J Tindall, George Garrity (2015)

This volume contains the edition of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes that was presented in draft form and available for comment at the Plenary Session of the Fourteenth International Congress of Bacteriology and Applied Microbiology (BAM), Montréal, 2014, together with updated lists of conserved and rejected bacterial names and of Opinions issued by the Judicial Commission. As in the past it brings together those changes accepted, published and documented by the ICSP and the Judicial Commission since the last revision was published. Several new appendices have been added to this edition. Appendix 11 addresses the appropriate application of the Candidatus concept, Appendix 12 contains the history of the van Niel Prize, and Appendix 13 contains the summaries of Congresses.

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Taxonomic note: implementation of the provisional status Candidatus for incompletely described procaryotes.

E Stackebrandt, Sarah Murray (1994)

The International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology recommended that the category Candidatus, recently proposed by Murray and Schleifer (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44:174-176, 1994) to record the properties of putative taxa of procaryotes, should be implemented. This category should be used for describing procaryotic entities for which more than a mere sequence is available but for which characteristics required for description according to the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria are lacking. In addition to genomic information, such as sequences apt to determine the phylogenetic position of the organism, all information, including structural, metabolic, and reproductive features, should be included in the description of a provisional taxon, together with the natural environment in which the organism can be identified by in situ hybridization or other similar techniques for cell identification.

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The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in the Old World

Claudio Genchi, Laura Helen Kramer (2019)

Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens are endemic throughout Europe and southern eastern regions of Asia and reported with increasing frequency in Africa. Nevertheless, the increased awareness of veterinary practitioners, even in countries where the prevalence is low, has led to a decrease D. immitis prevalence in dogs, especially in previously endemic/hyper-endemic areas. Prevalence has significantly increased, however, in areas where heartworm has apparently spread more recently, such as Central and North Eastern Europe. Furthermore, autochthonous cases have been observed in Siberia. Low seroprevalence has been reported in Croatia, while in Romania it has reached 14%. In Greece, the prevalence ranges between 0.7% and 25% whilst in Turkey is 0-18%. Data for canine dirofilariosis in Africa is scarce, and most are case reports. Overall, the dominant species is Achanthocheilonema dracunculoides, although both D. immitis and D. repens have been reported from some countries. In the Far East, the prevalence ranges from 2% to 15% in northeastern of China. In Hong Kong a novel species has been found in dogs and humans (Candidatus Dirofilaria hongkongensis). In India, the prevalence ranges from 4.7%-29.5% in Northeastern states. The main factors that have influenced the spreading of Dirofilaria infections are the climate changes and the introduction of new, invasive, competent mosquito species such as Aedes albopictus and Ae. koreicus. Other factors include relocation and insufficient prevention in dogs, manly in the new areas of colonization. Feline heartworm infection has been diagnosed in every European country when diagnosed either by the Knott test or by serology for circulating antibodies and antigens of the parasite. However, prevalence is much lower than in dogs. In spite of the continuing spreading of heartworm infection, D. repens is the main concern in Europe, mostly for physicians, while the infection is nearly always asymptomatic in dogs. The infection is spreading from Portugal to the Southeastern regions of Finland and Siberia, and in some areas its prevalence overlaps that of D. immitis. Many reasons make more difficult the control of D. repens than D. immitis: the frequent lack of clinical symptoms of suspicion, the specific diagnosis being possible only by blood examination and the inefficacy of some macrocyclic lactones.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Filipe Dantas-Torres:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1496-6274

filipe.dantas@cpqam.fiocruz.br

Domenico Otranto: domenico.otranto@uniba.it

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Parasit Vectors

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Parasit Vectors

Title: Parasites & Vectors

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1756-3305

Publication date (Electronic): 5 June 2020

Publication date PMC-release: 5 June 2020

Publication date Collection: 2020

Volume: 13

Electronic Location Identifier: 287

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.418068.3, ISNI 0000 0001 0723 0931, Department of Immunology, , Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), ; Recife, Brazil

[2 ]GRID grid.7644.1, ISNI 0000 0001 0120 3326, Department of Veterinary Medicine, , Università degli Studi di Bari, ; Valenzano, Bari, Italy

[3 ]GRID grid.411807.b, ISNI 0000 0000 9828 9578, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, , Bu-Ali Sina University, ; Hamedan, Iran

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Filipe Dantas-Torres http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1496-6274

Article

Publisher ID: 4158

DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04158-3

PMC ID: 7275577

PubMed ID: 32503664

SO-VID: 1a42218b-e9e9-4e7e-b8c6-bae32a7df569

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Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

History

Date received : 30 April 2020

Date accepted : 30 May 2020

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003593, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico;

Award ID: 313118/2018-3

Award Recipient : Filipe Dantas-Torres

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology

Keywords: dirofilaria,phylogeny,taxonomy,new species,nomenclature,rules

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology

Keywords: dirofilaria, phylogeny, taxonomy, new species, nomenclature, rules

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On the validity of “ Candidatus Dirofilaria hongkongensis” and on the use of the provisional status Candidatus in zoological nomenclature

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Most cited references 22

International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes.

Taxonomic note: implementation of the provisional status Candidatus for incompletely described procaryotes.

The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in the Old World

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