8
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: not found

      Cadre nosologique des infections respiratoires basses Translated title: Definition of low respiratory tract infections

      research-article
      Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses
      Elsevier Masson SAS.
      Pneumonie, Bronchite, BPCO, Pneumonia, Bronchitis, COPD

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Résumé

          Évoquer une infection respiratoire basse est aisé devant des signes respiratoires (toux, expectoration mucopurulente ou purulente) associés à des signes infectieux (fièvre notamment). En revanche, différencier bronchite et pneumonie est parfois plus difficile et constitue un enjeu important en raison de la mortalité des pneumonies et d'une prise en charge spécifique. L'élément clef du diagnostic est la radiographie de thorax dont l'indication repose sur des signes en foyer (crépitants, matité), une fièvre, une polypnée supérieure à 25/min, une tachycardie supérieure à 100/min. Leur valeur diagnostique n'est pas suffisante pour affirmer ou exclure une pneumonie ce qui justifie une radiographie en cas de doute clinique. Les éléments cliniques et radiologiques ne permettent pas un diagnostic étiologique fiable. L'analyse de l'expectoration, la recherche d'antigènes urinaires de pneumocoque et de Legionella constituent des éléments d'orientation. Le pneumocoque vient en tête des germes responsables de pneumonie, suivi par les germes atypiques et la légionellose. L'existence d'une bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO) expose au risque de décompensation et d'insuffisance respiratoire aiguë. Les causes d'exacerbation d'une BPCO sont multiples mais son origine infectieuse, notamment virale, est de l'ordre de 50 %. Les rhinovirus sont en cause dans 40 à 50 % des cas. D'autres virus peuvent être en cause et s'associer à la présence de bactéries ( Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, B. catarrhalis). L'appréciation de la gravité repose sur la connaissance du volume expiratoire maximal par seconde de base que l'Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé propose de remplacer, lorsque ce paramètre n'est pas connu, par une appréciation de l'intensité de la dyspnée.

          Translated abstract

          Lower respiratory tract infection is easily suggested on clinical signs (cough and sputum) associated with fever. To discriminate between pneumonia and acute bronchitis is crucial because of the mortality associated with pneumonia and of its specific management. Chest X-ray is a key exam for the diagnosis and should be performed on the basis of validated clinical signs that are however of weak diagnostic value. Clinical as well as radiological signs cannot be reliably used to identify the causative germ. Sputum examination, the search for pneumococcal and legionella urinary antigens are of good diagnostic value. An associated COPD may lead to an acute respiratory failure. Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis results from various causes but infection is involved in about 50% of the cases, mostly viral and most often due to a rhinovirus. Viral infection can be associated to bacterial infection and the most frequently isolated germs are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and B. catarrhalis. Severity assessment relies on the value of basal FEV1 that is often non available. Therefore Afssaps suggests using a dyspnea index to assess exacerbation severity.

          Related collections

          Most cited references67

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

          The effects of respiratory viral infection on the time course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation were examined by monitoring changes in systemic inflammatory markers in stable COPD and at exacerbation. Eighty-three patients with COPD (mean [SD] age, 66.6 [7.1] yr, FEV(1), 1.06 [0.61] L) recorded daily peak expiratory flow rate and any increases in respiratory symptoms. Nasal samples and blood were taken for respiratory virus detection by culture, polymerase chain reaction, and serology, and plasma fibrinogen and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined at stable baseline and exacerbation. Sixty-four percent of exacerbations were associated with a cold occurring up to 18 d before exacerbation. Seventy-seven viruses (39 [58.2%] rhinoviruses) were detected in 66 (39.2%) of 168 COPD exacerbations in 53 (64%) patients. Viral exacerbations were associated with frequent exacerbators, colds with increased dyspnea, a higher total symptom count at presentation, a longer median symptom recovery period of 13 d, and a tendency toward higher plasma fibrinogen and serum IL-6 levels. Non-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) respiratory viruses were detected in 11 (16%), and RSV in 16 (23.5%), of 68 stable COPD patients, with RSV detection associated with higher inflammatory marker levels. Respiratory virus infections are associated with more severe and frequent exacerbations, and may cause chronic infection in COPD. Prevention and early treatment of viral infections may lead to a decreased exacerbation frequency and morbidity associated with COPD.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            New strains of bacteria and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

            The role of bacterial pathogens in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is controversial. In older studies, the rates of isolation of bacterial pathogens from sputum were the same during acute exacerbations and during stable disease. However, these studies did not differentiate among strains within a bacterial species and therefore could not detect changes in strains over time. We hypothesized that the acquisition of a new strain of a pathogenic bacterial species is associated with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We conducted a prospective study in which clinical information and sputum samples for culture were collected monthly and during exacerbations from 81 outpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Molecular typing of sputum isolates of nonencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was performed. Over a period of 56 months, the 81 patients made a total of 1975 clinic visits, 374 of which were made during exacerbations (mean, 2.1 per patient per year). On the basis of molecular typing, an exacerbation was diagnosed at 33.0 percent of the clinic visits that involved isolation of a new strain of a bacterial pathogen, as compared with 15.4 percent of visits at which no new strain was isolated (P<0.001; relative risk of an exacerbation, 2.15; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.83 to 2.53). Isolation of a new strain of H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, or S. pneumoniae was associated with a significantly increased risk of an exacerbation. The association between an exacerbation and the isolation of a new strain of a bacterial pathogen supports the causative role of bacteria in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Copyright 2002 Massachusetts Medical Society
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Calcitonin precursors are reliable markers of sepsis in a medical intensive care unit.

              The diagnosis of infection in critically ill patients is challenging because traditional markers of infection are often misleading. For example, serum concentrations of calcitonin precursors are increased in patients with infections. However, their predictive accuracy for the diagnosis of sepsis in unselected patients in a medical intensive care unit (ICU) is unknown. Therefore, we compared the usefulness of serum concentrations of calcitonin precursors, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and lactate for the diagnosis of sepsis in consecutive patients suffering from a broad range of diseases with an anticipated stay of > or =24 hrs in a medical ICU. Prospective cohort study. Medical intensive care unit in a university medical center. 101 consecutive critically ill patients. None. Blood samples were collected at various time points during the course of the disease. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock were diagnosed according to standardized criteria, and patients were reclassified daily without prior knowledge of the serum concentrations of calcitonin precursors or interleukin-6. At admission, 99% of the patients had systemic inflammatory response syndrome, 53% had sepsis, and 5% developed sepsis during their stay in the ICU. Calcitonin precursors, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and lactate levels increased with the severity of infection (p 1 ng/mL had sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 94% for the diagnosis of sepsis. High serum concentrations of calcitonin precursors were associated with poor prognosis (p = .01). In a medical ICU, serum calcitonin precursor concentrations are more sensitive and are specific markers of sepsis as compared with serum C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and lactate levels.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Med Mal Infect
                Med Mal Infect
                Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses
                Elsevier Masson SAS.
                0399-077X
                1769-6690
                11 July 2006
                November-December 2006
                11 July 2006
                : 36
                : 11
                : 538-545
                Affiliations
                Service de pneumologie et pathologie professionnelle, CHI de Créteil, 40, avenue de Verdun, 94000 Créteil, France
                Article
                S0399-077X(06)00142-9
                10.1016/j.medmal.2006.05.014
                7130619
                16837158
                18dc12c4-0fff-4d42-a0b4-dc3288e0e6df
                Copyright © 2006 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 19 May 2006
                : 19 May 2006
                Categories
                Article

                pneumonie,bronchite,bpco,pneumonia,bronchitis,copd
                pneumonie, bronchite, bpco, pneumonia, bronchitis, copd

                Comments

                Comment on this article