Indoor concentrations of VOCs in beauty salons; association with cosmetic practices and health risk assessment

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Abstract

Background

The use of cosmetic products in beauty salons emits numerous kinds of toxic air pollutants. The objectives of this study were to measure the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde in 20 large beauty salons in Tehran and relate the observed concentrations to environmental and occupational characteristics of the salons.

Methods

Samples were collected from inside and outside air of 20 selected salons located in different areas of the city. Several additional parameters were recorded during the sampling process including surface area, number of active employees, type of ventilation, type of ongoing treatments, temperature, humidity. Deterministic and stochastic health risk assessment of the compounds were performed.

Results

Indoor concentrations of each pollutant were significantly higher than its outdoor concentrations. Health risk assessment showed that benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde represent a possible cancer risk in the beauty salons. In addition, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene had negligible non-carcinogenic risks. Ventilation with air purifier, and fan with open window were more effective than using just a fan. Concentrations of benzene and toluene were affected by the number of hair dying treatments. The concentration of xylene was affected by the number of hair styling. The concentration of formaldehyde was affected by the number of hair styling and number of nail treatments.

Conclusion

With improved ventilation and requirements for reformulated cosmetic, concentrations of toxic air pollutants in beauty salons could be reduced.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12995-018-0213-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Most cited references 30

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Formaldehyde, 2-butoxyethanol and 1-tert-butoxypropan-2-ol.

(2006)

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Assessment of indoor air quality in office buildings across Europe - The OFFICAIR study.

Corinne Mandin, Marilena Trantallidi, Andrea Cattaneo … (2017)

The European project OFFICAIR aimed to broaden the existing knowledge regarding indoor air quality (IAQ) in modern office buildings, i.e., recently built or refurbished buildings. Thirty-seven office buildings participated in the summer campaign (2012), and thirty-five participated in the winter campaign (2012-2013). Four rooms were investigated per building. The target pollutants were twelve volatile organic compounds, seven aldehydes, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5μm (PM2.5). Compared to other studies in office buildings, the benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene concentrations were lower in OFFICAIR buildings, while the α-pinene and d-limonene concentrations were higher, and the aldehyde, nitrogen dioxide and PM2.5 concentrations were of the same order of magnitude. When comparing summer and winter, significantly higher concentrations were measured in summer for formaldehyde and ozone, and in winter for benzene, α-pinene, d-limonene, and nitrogen dioxide. The terpene and 2-ethylhexanol concentrations showed heterogeneity within buildings regardless of the season. Considering the average of the summer and winter concentrations, the acetaldehyde and hexanal concentrations tended to increase by 4-5% on average with every floor level increase, and the nitrogen dioxide concentration tended to decrease by 3% on average with every floor level increase. A preliminary evaluation of IAQ in terms of potential irritative and respiratory health effects was performed. The 5-day median and maximum indoor air concentrations of formaldehyde and ozone did not exceed their respective WHO air quality guidelines, and those of acrolein, α-pinene, and d-limonene were lower than their estimated thresholds for irritative and respiratory effects. PM2.5 indoor concentrations were higher than the 24-h and annual WHO ambient air quality guidelines.

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Chronic risk assessment of exposure to volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere near the largest Mediterranean industrial site.

Noelia Ramírez, Anna Cuadras, Enric Rovira … (2012)

This study focuses on characterising the risk of exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by means of inhalation in people living in the vicinity of the largest chemical production site in the Mediterranean area. Eighty-six VOCs were initially selected for this study based on their adverse environmental and health effects. The monitoring campaign was conducted for 276 days in three different locations around the chemical site. The analytical method used for the characterisation was based on European standard method EN-14662-2, which consists of the active sampling of air for 24h in charcoal tubes, followed by extraction with carbon disulphide and GC-MS analysis. Forty-four VOCs with toxicological data available concerning their carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health effects were quantified during the monitoring campaign. None of the quantified VOCs showed average concentrations exceeding their chronic reference concentrations and, therefore, no non-carcinogenic health effects are expected as a result of this exposure. However, the global average cancer risk due to VOC exposure in the area (3.3×10(-4)) was found to be above the values recommended by the WHO and USEPA. The influence of the analytical method was also evaluated by comparing cancer risk estimates using a thermal desorption (TD) method based on method EN-14662-1. The results of the 24-h samples for the solvent extraction method were compared with the average of 12 daily samples of 2-h for the TD method for 24 sampling days. Although the global estimated lifetime cancer risk was statistically comparable for both methods, some differences were found in individual VOC risks. To our knowledge, this is the first study that estimates the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks posed by the inhalation of VOCs in people living near a chemical site of this size, and compares the estimated cancer risk obtained using two different standard analytical methods. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Mostafa Hadei: Mostafa.hadei@gmail.com

Abbas Shahsavani: +98 9102006560 , ashahsavani@gmail.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Occup Med Toxicol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Occup Med Toxicol

Title: Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology (London, England)

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1745-6673

Publication date (Electronic): 27 September 2018

Publication date PMC-release: 27 September 2018

Publication date Collection: 2018

Volume: 13

Electronic Location Identifier: 30

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2012 5829, GRID grid.412112.5, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, ; Kermanshah, Iran

[2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9166, GRID grid.412750.5, Department of Public Health Sciences, , University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, ; Rochester, NY 14642 USA

[3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0741 9486, GRID grid.254280.9, Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, , Clarkson University, ; Potsdam, NY 13699 USA

[4 ]GRID grid.411600.2, Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran

[5 ]GRID grid.411600.2, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran

[6 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0612 272X, GRID grid.415814.d, Environmental and Occupational Health Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, ; Tehran, Iran

[7 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, GRID grid.411705.6, Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran

Article

Publisher ID: 213

DOI: 10.1186/s12995-018-0213-x

PMC ID: 6161385

PubMed ID: 30275872

SO-VID: 18d2b3e7-2cf4-4668-9aa2-d000d325aa4e

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 30 April 2018

Date accepted : 20 September 2018

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005851, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences;

Award ID: 6618

Award Recipient : Abbas Shahsavani

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Occupational & Environmental medicine

Keywords: benzene,formaldehyde,toluene,xylene,air pollution,hairdressing

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Occupational & Environmental medicine

Keywords: benzene, formaldehyde, toluene, xylene, air pollution, hairdressing

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Indoor concentrations of VOCs in beauty salons; association with cosmetic practices and health risk assessment

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Electronic supplementary material

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Pneumonia, sex, and the environment

Most cited references 30

Formaldehyde, 2-butoxyethanol and 1-tert-butoxypropan-2-ol.

Assessment of indoor air quality in office buildings across Europe - The OFFICAIR study.

Chronic risk assessment of exposure to volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere near the largest Mediterranean industrial site.

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Cited by 14

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