Mitochondria in migraine pathophysiology – does epigenetics play a role?

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Abstract

The approximately three times higher rate of migraine prevalence in women than men may result from the mitochondrial transmission of this disease. Studies with imaging techniques suggest disturbances in mitochondrial metabolism in specific regions of the brain in migraine patients. Migraine shares some clinical features with several mitochondrial diseases and many other disorders include migraine headaches. Epigenetic regulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a matter of debate and there are some conflicting results, especially on mtDNA methylation. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) and long-noncoding RNA (lncRNAs) have been detected in mitochondria. The regulation of the miRNA-lncRNA axis can be important for mitochondrial physiology and its impairment can result in a disease phenotype. Further studies on the role of mitochondrial epigenetic modifications in migraine are needed, but they require new methods and approaches.

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DNMT3L connects unmethylated lysine 4 of histone H3 to de novo methylation of DNA.

Steen Ooi, Chen Qiu, Emily Bernstein … (2007)

Mammals use DNA methylation for the heritable silencing of retrotransposons and imprinted genes and for the inactivation of the X chromosome in females. The establishment of patterns of DNA methylation during gametogenesis depends in part on DNMT3L, an enzymatically inactive regulatory factor that is related in sequence to the DNA methyltransferases DNMT3A and DNMT3B. The main proteins that interact in vivo with the product of an epitope-tagged allele of the endogenous Dnmt3L gene were identified by mass spectrometry as DNMT3A2, DNMT3B and the four core histones. Peptide interaction assays showed that DNMT3L specifically interacts with the extreme amino terminus of histone H3; this interaction was strongly inhibited by methylation at lysine 4 of histone H3 but was insensitive to modifications at other positions. Crystallographic studies of human DNMT3L showed that the protein has a carboxy-terminal methyltransferase-like domain and an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain. Cocrystallization of DNMT3L with the tail of histone H3 revealed that the tail bound to the cysteine-rich domain of DNMT3L, and substitution of key residues in the binding site eliminated the H3 tail-DNMT3L interaction. These data indicate that DNMT3L recognizes histone H3 tails that are unmethylated at lysine 4 and induces de novo DNA methylation by recruitment or activation of DNMT3A2.

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Mitochondrial threshold effects.

Rodrigue Rossignol, Benjamin Faustin, Christophe Rocher … (2003)

The study of mitochondrial diseases has revealed dramatic variability in the phenotypic presentation of mitochondrial genetic defects. To attempt to understand this variability, different authors have studied energy metabolism in transmitochondrial cell lines carrying different proportions of various pathogenic mutations in their mitochondrial DNA. The same kinds of experiments have been performed on isolated mitochondria and on tissue biopsies taken from patients with mitochondrial diseases. The results have shown that, in most cases, phenotypic manifestation of the genetic defect occurs only when a threshold level is exceeded, and this phenomenon has been named the 'phenotypic threshold effect'. Subsequently, several authors showed that it was possible to inhibit considerably the activity of a respiratory chain complex, up to a critical value, without affecting the rate of mitochondrial respiration or ATP synthesis. This phenomenon was called the 'biochemical threshold effect'. More recently, quantitative analysis of the effects of various mutations in mitochondrial DNA on the rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis has revealed the existence of a 'translational threshold effect'. In this review these different mitochondrial threshold effects are discussed, along with their molecular bases and the roles that they play in the presentation of mitochondrial diseases.

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The pathophysiology of migraine: implications for clinical management

Andrew Charles (2018)

The understanding of migraine pathophysiology is advancing rapidly. Improved characterisation and diagnosis of its clinical features have led to the view of migraine as a complex, variable disorder of nervous system function rather than simply a vascular headache. Recent studies have provided important new insights into its genetic causes, anatomical and physiological features, and pharmacological mechanisms. The identification of new migraine-associated genes, the visualisation of brain regions that are activated at the earliest stages of a migraine attack, a greater appreciation of the potential role of the cervical nerves, and the recognition of the crucial role for neuropeptides are among the advances that have led to novel targets for migraine therapy. Future management of migraine will have the capacity to tailor treatments based on the distinct mechanisms of migraine that affect individual patients.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Arch Med Sci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Arch Med Sci

Journal ID (publisher-id): AMS

Title: Archives of Medical Science : AMS

Publisher: Termedia Publishing House

ISSN (Print): 1734-1922

ISSN (Electronic): 1896-9151

Publication date (Electronic): 20 June 2019

Publication date (Print): July 2019

Volume: 15

Issue: 4

Pages: 944-956

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Neurology, Polish Mother Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Lodz, Poland

[2 ]Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

[3 ]Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

Author notes

Corresponding author: Michał Fila, Department of Neurology, Polish Mother Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, 188 Rzgowska St, 93-543 Lodz, Poland. Phone: +48 42 271 13 71, Fax: +48 42 271 13 70.E-mail michalfila@ 123456poczta.onet.pl

Article

Publisher ID: 36990

DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.86061

PMC ID: 6657237

PubMed ID: 31360189

SO-VID: 1811649d-0bdb-4030-85fe-a5a6da16b403

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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License, allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.

Mitochondria in migraine pathophysiology – does epigenetics play a role?

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A Sustainable Future

Most cited references 99

DNMT3L connects unmethylated lysine 4 of histone H3 to de novo methylation of DNA.

Mitochondrial threshold effects.

The pathophysiology of migraine: implications for clinical management

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