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      Iatrogenic bladder injury: A single institution's ten-year experience in treatment and outcome 1999-2009, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Translated title: Lesión vesical iatrogénica: experiencia de diez años, tratamiento y resultados entre 1999-2009, Kuala Lumpur, Malasia

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          Abstract

          Introduction: This case series is a retrospective review of iatrogenic bladder injuries treated at our institution Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Medical Centre, over a ten-year period, from 1999 to 2009. Materials and methods: A retrospective review of the operating theater database yielded the names and registration numbers of patients who underwent operative repair of bladder injuries. Patients who sustained bladder injuries due to non-surgical reasons (such as traumatic bladder injuries due to pelvic fractures, blunt trauma or penetrating injuries to the pelvis) were excluded. Results: There were 12 cases of iatrogenic bladder injury treated during this time. A total of eight injuries occurred during gynaecological surgery. Five injuries occurred during lower segment caesarean section, two injuries during total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy, and a single injury during Burch colposuspension. Four out of the five injuries during caesarian section had a history of previous caesarian section. Of the four remaining non-gynaecological related injuries, two injuries occurred during hernioplasty, one during exploration of an enterocutaneous fistula and the other was during laparoscopic appendicectomy. Conclusion: Iatrogenic bladder injury should be anticipated in patients undergoing caesarean section who have had multiple previous caesarean sections. Iatrogenic injuries should be identified intra-operatively to enable early repair and the best outcome. These injuries were adequately assessed by ascending cystography. Continuous repair with absorbable sutures together with perivesicle drainage and bladder catheterization produces good outcome.

          Translated abstract

          Introducción: Esta serie del casos es una revisión retrospectiva de heridas iatrogénicas de vejiga tratadas en la Universidad Nacional de Malasia entre 1999 y 2009. Métodos: Se hizo una revisión retrospectiva de la base de datos de la sala de cirugía del Centro Médico de la Universidad Nacional de Malasia, en individuos a quienes se les realizó cirugía de heridas de vejiga. Se excluyeron los pacientes que presentaron heridas de vejiga sin cirugía como heridas traumáticas debido a fracturas pélvicas, trauma cerrado o heridas penetrantes en la pelvis. Resultados: Se encontraron 12 casos de herida de vejiga iatrogénica tratados entre 1999 y 2009. Ocho heridas ocurrieron durante cirugía ginecológica, 5 durante cesárea segmentaria baja, 2 durante histerectomía abdominal total y salpingo-ooforectomía bilateral y 1 herida durante colposuspensión de Burch. Las 4 heridas restantes no ginecológicas fueron: 2 heridas por iatrogenia ocurrida durante una hernioplastia, una durante exploración de una fístula entero-cutánea y la otra se presentó durante una apendectomía laparoscópica. Conclusión: La herida iatrogénica de la vejiga debe ser anticipada en pacientes que experimentan cesárea que han tenido múltiples cesáreas previas. Las heridas iatrogénicas deben ser identificadas intra-operatoriamente para permitir reparación temprana y obtener el mejor resultado. Obtuvo mejores resultados la reparación continua con suturas absorbibles junto con drenaje vesical mediante catéter. La cistografía ascendente con 300 ml de contraste es la mejor opción para el diagnóstico de herida iatrogénica de vejiga y también para la evaluación de la reparación total.

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          Urinary tract injuries during obstetric intervention.

          A retrospective case record review of obstetric urinary tract injury in the Grampian region from 1976 to 1993 identified 16 cases of bladder injury (0.1 per 1000 deliveries, 1.4 per 1000 caesarean sections and four cases of ureteric injury (0.03 per 1000 deliveries, 0.27 per 1000 caesarean sections). Diagnosis of bladder injury was immediate, but of ureteric injury often delayed. Although the injury rates are lower than previously reported and previously reported risk factors not confirmed, this audit has resulted in guidelines for junior staff, compliance with which will be monitored, and every case of urinary tract injury will be reviewed.
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            Multiple cesarean section morbidity.

            To quantify maternal risk associated with multiple cesarean sections (CSs) and determine whether the third CS defines a threshold for increased morbidity. From January 1997 to January 2002, the clinical records of 3191 women who were delivered by CS at our referral maternity center were examined for selected indicators of maternal morbidity. The women were assigned to groups based on number of CSs and the frequency of each indicator was determined. A composite score for each indicator among women grouped by number of consecutive CSs was then derived to compare risk between groups and against the third CS. By all indicators studied, morbidity increased with successive CSs before and through the third CS. However, compared with the third, the risk of major morbidity was significantly increased with the fifth, and much worse at the sixth CS for placenta previa (odds ratio [OR]=3.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.9-7.4), placenta accreta (OR=6.1, 95% CI=2.0-18.4) and hysterectomy (OR=5.9, 95% CI=1.5-24.4). But the third and fourth CSs had the same risk of major morbidity for placenta previa (OR=1.4, 95% CI=0.8-2.2), placenta accreta (OR=1.0, 95% CI=0.3-2.9) and hysterectomy (OR=0.3, 95% CI=0.0-2.7). The third CS does not define a threshold for increased risk to the mother. Instead, overall morbidity rises continually with each successive CS. However, specifically for major morbidity from the triad of placenta previa, placenta accreta and hysterectomy during CS, the fourth CS carries the same risk as the third.
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              Bladder injuries during cesarean section in a University Hospital: a 25-year review.

              The objective was to determine the prevalence of bladder injury during cesarean section (CS) and identify the risk factors causing these injuries, their management and the outcome. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all the patients who had bladder injury during CS over a period of 25 years (1983-2007) at the King Fahad Hospital, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia. Demographic data, obstetric, surgical details, mechanism of injury, anatomic location, diagnosis, management and outcome were assessed. Thirty-four cases of bladder injury were identified among 7,708 cesarean deliveries performed during this period with an overall incidence of 0.44%. Primary CS was found in 41.2% of the patients and 58.8% had repeat CS giving an incidence of 0.27 and 0.81%, respectively. Bladder injury occurred when surgical difficulties were encountered during opening of the peritoneal cavity and while developing the bladder flap over the lower uterine segment, mainly due to adhesions and scar tissue resulting from previous abdominal surgery. All the bladder injuries were recognized intraoperatively and repaired with an overall satisfactory outcome. Repeat CS and presence of adhesions were found to be statistically significant risk factors in the study, while operator experience and emergency nature of the CS were considered risk factors in a few cases of bladder injury. Data presented in this study indicates that bladder injury when adequately repaired is rarely associated with any complications. Multiple cesarean deliveries is a significant risk factor for bladder injury at the time of repeat CS and patients should be counseled regarding this risk before surgery.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                cm
                Colombia Médica
                Colomb. Med.
                Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia (Cali )
                1657-9534
                June 2011
                : 42
                : 2
                : 215-218
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre Malaysia
                [2 ] Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre Malaysia
                [3 ] Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre Malaysia
                [4 ] Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre Malaysia
                Article
                S1657-95342011000200011
                176a24ca-53ce-4bd5-8d54-59200a74bb39

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
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                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1657-9534&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL

                Internal medicine
                Iatrogenic,Bladder,Injury,Repair,Iatrogenia,Vejiga,Herida,Reparación
                Internal medicine
                Iatrogenic, Bladder, Injury, Repair, Iatrogenia, Vejiga, Herida, Reparación

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