13
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Recomendações para alimentação complementar da criança em aleitamento materno Translated title: Recommendations for the complementary feeding of the breastfed child

      review-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          OBJETIVO: Apresentar uma revisão sobre as evidências que embasam as recomendações atuais da alimentação complementar de crianças em aleitamento materno. FONTES DE DADOS: Foi realizada extensa revisão bibliográfica sobre o tópico, tendo sido consultados artigos selecionados a partir de pesquisa das bases de dados MEDLINE e Lilacs, publicações de organismos nacionais e internacionais, dissertações e teses. Alguns artigos-chave foram selecionados a partir de citações em outros artigos. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Novos conhecimentos sobre alimentação infantil adquiridos nos últimos 20 anos resultaram em mudanças significativas nas atuais recomendações alimentares de crianças amamentadas em relação às recomendações anteriores. As atuais necessidades nutricionais recomendadas são menores que as anteriores, os alimentos complementares são introduzidos em uma idade mais precisa, em torno dos 6 meses, e são recomendados novos métodos de promoção da alimentação saudável da criança. As novas recomendações enfatizam as práticas alimentares saudáveis, as quais englobam tanto a quantidade quanto a qualidade adequadas dos alimentos, inclusive o cuidado com o manuseio, preparo, administração e armazenamento dos alimentos e o respeito e adequação às características culturais de cada povo. CONCLUSÕES: A alimentação complementar adequada da criança em aleitamento materno é crítica para o ótimo crescimento e desenvolvimento da criança. Portanto, é um fator essencial para a segurança alimentar e para o desenvolvimento das populações e seus países. Cabe aos profissionais de saúde repassar efetivamente às mães/cuidadores as novas recomendações para a promoção da alimentação complementar saudável da criança amamentada. Cabe aos governos propiciar as condições adequadas para essa promoção.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To present a review on the evidences that support the current recommendations for breastfed children feeding. SOURCES OF DATA: An extensive bibliographic review of the topic was carried out. Articles selected in the MEDLINE and Lilacs databases, publications from national and international organizations, theses and dissertations were reviewed. Some key articles were also selected from the citations referred in other papers. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: New knowledge acquired about child feeding over the last 20 years have led to a significant change in the current feeding recommendations for breastfed children in relation to the prior recommendations. The current recommended nutritional needs are lower than the old recommendations, complementary food is introduced in a more precise age, around 6 months, and new methods are recommended for promoting the child's healthy eating. The new recommendations emphasize the health feeding practices which comprise both the adequate food quantity and quality, including care with food handling and preparation, feeding and storage practices, and the respect and adequacy to the cultural characteristics of each people. CONCLUSIONS: The adequate complementary feeding of the breastfed child is critical for the optimal child growth and development. Therefore, it is an essential factor for both the populations' food security and the development of nations. The health professionals are ought to effectively pass on to mothers/care takers the new recommendations for promoting the healthy complementary feeding of the breastfed child. It is up to the governments to provide the adequate conditions for supporting such a promotion.

          Related collections

          Most cited references108

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: not found
          • Article: not found

          Physical status the use and interpretation of anthropometry.

            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: found
            Is Open Access

            Reflexões sobre a amamentação no Brasil: de como passamos a 10 meses de duração

            Se em 1975 uma em cada duas mulheres amamentava apenas até o segundo ou terceiro mês no Brasil, no último inquérito de 1999, uma em cada duas mulheres amamenta até cerca de dez meses. Esse aumento em 25 anos pode tanto ser pensado como um sucesso, como pode ser visto como algo que poderia estar muito melhor se todas as atividades que se realizaram no país tivessem sido mantidas, avaliadas, corrigidas, bem coordenadas, melhoradas. Diversas foram as decisões de organismos internacionais de saúde no período, assim como estudos sobre aleitamento que reorientaram ações. Propomo-nos a tentar rever a trajetória do programa nacional, privilegiando a análise da influência das políticas internacionais e analisando-o em quatro períodos: de 1975 a 1981 (quando pouco era feito), de 1981 a 1986 (as campanhas na mídia), de 1986 a 1996 (políticas em prol da amamentação) e de 1996 a 2002 (planejamento e ações de capacitação de recursos humanos com o respaldo das políticas de proteção). O desafio que se coloca para o futuro é a necessidade de continuar a promover a amamentação exclusiva até o sexto mês, levando em conta grupos particulares da população.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding: a systematic review.

              Although the health benefits of breastfeeding are acknowledged widely, opinions and recommendations are divided on the optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. We systematically reviewed available evidence concerning the effects on child health, growth, and development and on maternal health of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months vs. exclusive breastfeeding for 3-4 months followed by mixed breastfeeding (introduction of complementary liquid or solid foods with continued breastfeeding) to 6 months. Two independent literature searches were conducted, together comprising the following databases: MEDLINE (as of 1966), Index Medicus (prior to 1966), CINAHL, HealthSTAR, BIOSIS, CAB Abstracts, EMBASE-Medicine, EMBASE-Psychology, Econlit, Index Medicus for the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, African Index Medicus, Lilacs (Latin American and Carribean literature), EBM Reviews-Best Evidence, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. No language restrictions were imposed. The two searches yielded a total of 2,668 unique citations. Contacts with experts in the field yielded additional published and unpublished studies. Studies were stratified according to study design (controlled trials vs. observational studies) and provenance (developing vs. developed countries). The main outcome measures were weight and length gain, weight-for-age and length-for-age z-scores, head circumference, iron status, gastrointestinal and respiratory infectious morbidity, atopic eczema, asthma, neuromotor development, duration of lactational amenorrhea, and maternal postpartum weight loss. Twenty independent studies meeting the selection criteria were identified by the literature search: 9 from developing countries (2 of which were controlled trials in Honduras) and 11 from developed countries (all observational studies). Neither the trials nor the observational studies suggest that infants who continue to be exclusively breastfed for 6 months show deficits in weight or length gain, although larger sample sizes would be required to rule out modest increases in the risk of undernutrition. The data are conflicting with respect to iron status but suggest that, at least in developing-country settings, where iron stores of newborn infants may be suboptimal, exclusive breastfeeding without iron supplementation through 6 months of age may compromise hematologic status. Based primarily on an observational analysis of a large randomized trial in Belarus, infants who continue exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months or more appear to have a significantly reduced risk of one or more episodes of gastrointestinal tract infection. No significant reduction in risk of atopic eczema, asthma, or other atopic outcomes has been demonstrated in studies from Finland, Australia, and Belarus. Data from the two Honduran trials suggest that exclusive breastfeeding through 6 months of age is associated with delayed resumption of menses and more rapid postpartum weight loss in the mother. Infants who are breastfed exclusively for 6 months experience less morbidity from gastrointestinal tract infection than infants who were mixed breastfed as of 3 or 4 months of age. No deficits have been demonstrated in growth among infants from either developing or developed countries who are exclusively breastfed for 6 months or longer. Moreover, the mothers of such infants have more prolonged lactational amenorrhea and faster postpartum weight loss. Based on the results of this review, the World Health Assembly adopted a resolution to recommend exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months to its member countries. Large randomized trials are recommended in both developed and developing countries to ensure that exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months does not increase the risk of undernutrition (growth faltering), to confirm the health benefits reported thus far, and to investigate other potential effects on health and development, especially over the long term.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jped
                Jornal de Pediatria
                J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria (Porto Alegre )
                1678-4782
                November 2004
                : 80
                : 5 suppl
                : s131-s141
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de Londres
                [2 ] Universidade Federal do Ceará Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade de São Paulo
                [4 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
                [5 ] Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria
                Article
                S0021-75572004000700004
                10.1590/S0021-75572004000700004
                167e0afa-faf4-43ac-b8e1-d23c4c53092f

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0021-7557&lng=en
                Categories
                PEDIATRICS

                Pediatrics
                Complementary feeding,breastfeeding,child nutrition,diet,weaning,Alimentação complementar,aleitamento materno,nutrição infantil,dieta,desmame

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content323

                Cited by20

                Most referenced authors333