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New insights into oxidative stress and inflammation during diabetes mellitus-accelerated atherosclerosis
review-article
Ting Yuan
1 ,
Ting Yang
1 ,
Huan Chen
* ,
Danli Fu ,
Yangyang Hu ,
Jing Wang ,
Qing Yuan ,
Hong Yu ,
Wenfeng Xu ,
Xiang Xie
*
19 October 2018
ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase,
AdipoR, adiponectin receptor,
AGEs, advanced glycation end-products,
AKR, aldo-keto reductase,
AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase,
ApoE, apolipoprotein E,
AR, aldose reductase,
CAD, coronary artery disease,
C/EBPα, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α,
CRP, C-reactive protein,
CVD, cardiovascular disease,
DAG, diacylglycerol,
Drp-1, dynamic-related protein 1,
eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase,
ERK1/2, extracellular regulating kinase 1/2,
ER, endoplasmic reticulum,
FOXO1, forkhead box O1,
GAPDH, glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,
GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1,
Grxs, glutaredoxins,
GSH, glutathione,
H2S, hydrogen sulphide,
HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,
HIF-α, hypoxia inducible factor α,
IKK, IkB kinase,
ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1,
IκB, inhibitor of κB,
IL-6, interleukin-6,
iNOS, inducible NOS,
JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase,
KLF, Kruppel-like factors,
LPS, lipopolysaccharide,
MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase,
MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1,
MIP-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1,
miRNAs, microRNAs,
miR-128-1, miRNA-128-1,
MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases,
NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB,
NLRP3, NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3,
nNOS, neuronal NOS,
Nrf2, nuclear factor erythoid 2-related factor 2,
ox-LDL, oxidized-low density lipoprotein,
PARP, poly ADP-ribose polymerase,
PGC-1α, PPARγ coactivator 1 α,
PKC, protein kinase C,
p90RSK, p90 ribosomal S6 kinase,
PPAR, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor,
RAGE, receptor for AGEs,
ROS, reactive oxygen species,
SIRT1, sirtuin 1,
SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory-element-binding protein-1c,
SR, scavenger receptor,
SUMOylation, small ubiquitin-related modifier conjugation,
TLR4, toll-like receptor 4,
TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide,
TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α,
T2DM, Type 2 diabetes mellitus,
UPS, ubiquitin-proteasome system,
VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1,
VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells,
Atherosclerosis,
Diabetes mellitus,
Reactive oxygen species,
Gut microbiota,
MicroRNA
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Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation interact in the development of diabetic atherosclerosis. Intracellular hyperglycemia promotes production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased formation of intracellular advanced glycation end-products, activation of protein kinase C, and increased polyol pathway flux. ROS directly increase the expression of inflammatory and adhesion factors, formation of oxidized-low density lipoprotein, and insulin resistance. They activate the ubiquitin pathway, inhibit the activation of AMP-protein kinase and adiponectin, decrease endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity, all of which accelerate atherosclerosis. Changes in the composition of the gut microbiota and changes in microRNA expression that influence the regulation of target genes that occur in diabetes interact with increased ROS and inflammation to promote atherosclerosis. This review highlights the consequences of the sustained increase of ROS production and inflammation that influence the acceleration of atherosclerosis by diabetes. The potential contributions of changes in the gut microbiota and microRNA expression are discussed.
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Author and article information
acc, acetyl-coa carboxylase,adipor, adiponectin receptor,ages, advanced glycation end-products,akr, aldo-keto reductase,ampk, amp-activated protein kinase,apoe, apolipoprotein e,ar, aldose reductase,cad, coronary artery disease,c/ebpα, ccaat/enhancer binding protein α,crp, c-reactive protein,cvd, cardiovascular disease,dag, diacylglycerol,drp-1, dynamic-related protein 1,enos, endothelial nitric oxide synthase,erk1/2, extracellular regulating kinase 1/2,er, endoplasmic reticulum,foxo1, forkhead box o1,gapdh, glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,glp-1, glucagon-like peptide-1,grxs, glutaredoxins,gsh, glutathione,h2s, hydrogen sulphide,hdl, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,hif-α, hypoxia inducible factor α,ikk, ikb kinase,icam-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1,iκb, inhibitor of κb,il-6, interleukin-6,inos, inducible nos,jnk, c-jun n-terminal kinase,klf, kruppel-like factors,lps, lipopolysaccharide,mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase,mcp-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1,mip-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1,mirnas, micrornas,mir-128-1, mirna-128-1,mmps, matrix metalloproteinases,nf-κb, nuclear factor-κb,nlrp3, nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3,nnos, neuronal nos,nrf2, nuclear factor erythoid 2-related factor 2,ox-ldl, oxidized-low density lipoprotein,parp, poly adp-ribose polymerase,pgc-1α, pparγ coactivator 1 α,pkc, protein kinase c,p90rsk, p90 ribosomal s6 kinase,ppar, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor,rage, receptor for ages,ros, reactive oxygen species,sirt1, sirtuin 1,srebp-1c, sterol regulatory-element-binding protein-1c,sr, scavenger receptor,sumoylation, small ubiquitin-related modifier conjugation,tlr4, toll-like receptor 4,tmao, trimethylamine n-oxide,tnf-α, tumor necrosis factor-α,t2dm, type 2 diabetes mellitus,ups, ubiquitin-proteasome system,vcam-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1,vsmcs, vascular smooth muscle cells,atherosclerosis,diabetes mellitus,reactive oxygen species,gut microbiota,microrna
acc, acetyl-coa carboxylase, adipor, adiponectin receptor, ages, advanced glycation end-products, akr, aldo-keto reductase, ampk, amp-activated protein kinase, apoe, apolipoprotein e, ar, aldose reductase, cad, coronary artery disease, c/ebpα, ccaat/enhancer binding protein α, crp, c-reactive protein, cvd, cardiovascular disease, dag, diacylglycerol, drp-1, dynamic-related protein 1, enos, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, erk1/2, extracellular regulating kinase 1/2, er, endoplasmic reticulum, foxo1, forkhead box o1, gapdh, glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glp-1, glucagon-like peptide-1, grxs, glutaredoxins, gsh, glutathione, h2s, hydrogen sulphide, hdl, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hif-α, hypoxia inducible factor α, ikk, ikb kinase, icam-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, iκb, inhibitor of κb, il-6, interleukin-6, inos, inducible nos, jnk, c-jun n-terminal kinase, klf, kruppel-like factors, lps, lipopolysaccharide, mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase, mcp-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, mip-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1, mirnas, micrornas, mir-128-1, mirna-128-1, mmps, matrix metalloproteinases, nf-κb, nuclear factor-κb, nlrp3, nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3, nnos, neuronal nos, nrf2, nuclear factor erythoid 2-related factor 2, ox-ldl, oxidized-low density lipoprotein, parp, poly adp-ribose polymerase, pgc-1α, pparγ coactivator 1 α, pkc, protein kinase c, p90rsk, p90 ribosomal s6 kinase, ppar, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, rage, receptor for ages, ros, reactive oxygen species, sirt1, sirtuin 1, srebp-1c, sterol regulatory-element-binding protein-1c, sr, scavenger receptor, sumoylation, small ubiquitin-related modifier conjugation, tlr4, toll-like receptor 4, tmao, trimethylamine n-oxide, tnf-α, tumor necrosis factor-α, t2dm, type 2 diabetes mellitus, ups, ubiquitin-proteasome system, vcam-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, vsmcs, vascular smooth muscle cells, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, reactive oxygen species, gut microbiota, microrna