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      Sobrevida em hemodiálise crônica: estudo de uma coorte de 1.009 pacientes em 25 anos Translated title: Survival in chronic hemodialysis: study of a cohort of 1,009 patients in 25

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      1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 3 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 4 , 2 , 4 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 2
      Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia
      Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia
      end-stage renal failure, hemodialysis, survival, doença renal crônica terminal, hemodiálise, sobrevida

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          Abstract

          INTRODUÇÃO: A maioria dos pacientes com doença renal crônica terminal depende de hemodiálise (HD) para a manutenção de sua vida. A análise dos fatores que influenciam na sobrevida pode auxiliar na busca contínua por melhores resultados. MÉTODOS: Analisamos 1.009 pacientes tratados por HD crônica em três unidades de diálise de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, durante 25 anos (1982-2007). RESULTADOS: A sobrevida (método de Kaplan-Meier) em 1, 2 e 5 anos foi de 91%, 84% e 64%, respectivamente. No modelo proporcional de Cox, tiveram influência estatisticamente significativa sobre o risco de mortalidade: idade ao iniciar HD (aumento de 4,5% por ano a mais; p = 0,0001), presença de diabetes (aumento de 56%; p = 0,001) e ano de início da HD (redução de 5,2% por ano mais tarde; p = 0,0001). A sobrevida foi significativamente melhor para pacientes que iniciaram HD de 1997 a 2007 do que para os que iniciaram de 1982 a 1996, tanto em diabéticos (54% versus 41% em 5 anos; p = 0,01) como não diabéticos (72% versus 65% em 5 anos; p = 0,045), embora, nestes, a idade tenha sido significativamente maior no período mais recente. CONCLUSÕES: A presença de diabete e cada ano a mais na idade determinaram risco significativamente aumentado. Cada ano subsequente do calendário trouxe um risco significativamente menor. Nos anos mais recentes, a melhora de sobrevida foi maior para pacientes diabéticos e idosos, sendo atribuída a avanços diagnósticos e terapêuticos e melhor qualidade global do programa dialítico.

          Translated abstract

          INTRODUCTION: Most patients with end-stage renal disease depend on hemodialysis (HD) for life maintenance. Analysis of factors influencing survival can assist in the continuous search for better results. METHODS: We analysed 1,009 patients treated with chronic HD in three dialysis units in the city of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, for 25 years (1982-2007). RESULTS: Survival (Kaplan-Meier method) at 1, 2, and 5 years was 91%, 84%, and 64%, respectively. In Cox regression model, the variables with a statistically significant impact on mortality risk were: age at starting HD (increase of 4.5% per additional year; p = 0.0001), presence of diabetes (increase of 56%; p = 0.001), and year of beginning HD treatment (reduction of 5.2% for each subsequent year; p = 0.0001). Survival was significantly better for patients who started HD from 1997 to 2007 than for those who started from 1982 to 1996, for both diabetic (54% vs. 41% at 5 years; p = 0.01) and nondiabetic patients (72% vs. 65% at 5 years; p = 0.045), although nondiabetic patients were significantly older in the latter period. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of diabetes and each additional year in age led to significantly increased risk. Regarding the year of the beginning of the HD program, a significantly smaller risk was observed for each subsequent calendar year. The increase in survival achieved in more recent years was greater for diabetic and older patients. It was attributed to diagnostic and therapeutic improvements and better overall quality of the dialysis program.

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          Most cited references42

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          Chronic renal diseases as a public health problem: epidemiology, social, and economic implications.

          The impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on the global burden of diseases is probably underestimated by current methods of evaluation. However, CKD are emerging as a major health problem. First, the costs of renal replacement therapy are excedingly high and are consuming a significant proportion of health care budgets of developed countries, while in developing countries are out of reach. Second, complex interaction are clearly emerging between chronic kidney, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.
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            USRDS 2011 annual data report: Atlas of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease in the United States

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              End-stage renal care in developing countries: the India experience.

              Chronic renal failure is a devastating medical, social and economic problem for patients and their families. There is no data on the true incidence and prevalence of chronic renal failure in the developing world. Delayed diagnosis and failure of institution of measures to slow progression of renal failure result in a predominantly young ESRD population. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is a low-priority area for healthcare planners in developing nations with two-tier healthcare delivery system. There is a severe shortage of nephrologists and hospitals offering dialysis and transplantation, more so in the poorest regions. There is a direct relationship between the number of dialysis centers and per capita gross national income of developing nations. Shortage in the number of government-funded hospitals has fanned the growth of a large number of private hospitals offering RRT. The high cost of hemodialysis (HD) puts it beyond the reach of all but the very rich and maintenance HD is the exclusively preserve of private hospitals. Government-run hospitals are busy with renal transplantation, which is the only realistic long term RRT option for a majority of patients. There are no state-funded or private health insurance schemes and patients have to raise finances for RRT on their own. Entire families are involved in such endeavors, with resulting loss of income of other family members too. A number of measures are utilized to bring down the RRT costs. For HD, these include cutting down the frequency of dialysis, use of cheaper cellulosic dialyzers, dialyzer reuse and nonutilization of expensive drugs like erythropoietin. Paradoxically, chronic peritoneal dialysis is more expensive than HD; patients use outdated connection systems and are suboptimally dialyzed on 3 exchanges/day. Most patients on dialysis are inadequately rehabilitated. Renal transplant recipients are forced to discontinue expensive drugs like cyclosporine after variable periods leading to high rates of graft loss. Financial considerations often preclude appropriate treatment of steroid-resistant rejection and cytomegalovirus infection. There is no organized cadaver donation program and an overwhelming majority of transplants are performed using living donors. This led to the practice of the sale of kidneys for transplant. To conclude, the financial burden of RRT in developing nations impacts on the lifestyle and future of entire families, and extracts a cost far higher than the actual amount of money spent on treatment.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                jbn
                Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia
                J. Bras. Nefrol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia (São Paulo )
                2175-8239
                September 2009
                : 31
                : 3
                : 190-197
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Clínica Renal de Santa Maria
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Brazil
                [3 ] Hospital de Caridade Dr. Astrogildo de Azevedo
                [4 ] Hospital Municipal Casa de Saúde
                Article
                S0101-28002009000300004
                10.1590/S0101-28002009000300004
                19287924
                15727df2-41e8-46dc-930d-de17c33d9d9d

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0101-2800&lng=en
                Categories
                UROLOGY & NEPHROLOGY

                Urology
                end-stage renal failure,hemodialysis,survival,doença renal crônica terminal,hemodiálise,sobrevida

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