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      Korean Red Ginseng Saponin Fraction Downregulates Proinflammatory Mediators in LPS Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells and Protects Mice against Endotoxic Shock

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          Abstract

          Korean red ginseng has shown therapeutic effects for a number of disease conditions. However, little is known about the antiinflammatory effect of Korean red ginseng saponin fraction (RGSF) in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, in this study, we showed that RGSF containing 20(S)-protopanaxadiol type saponins inhibited nitric oxide production and attenuated the release of tumor necrotic factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor (GMCSF), and macrophage chemo-attractant protein-1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, RGSF down-regulated the mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxyginase-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, GMCSF, and IL-6. Furthermore, RGSF reduced the level of TNF-α in the serum and protected mice against LPS mediated endotoxic shock. In conclusion, these results indicated that ginsenosides from RGSF and their metabolites could be potential sources of therapeutic agents against inflammation.

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          Ginseng pharmacology: multiple constituents and multiple actions.

          A S Attele, J. Wu, C. S. Yuan (1999)
          Ginseng is a highly valued herb in the Far East and has gained popularity in the West during the last decade. There is extensive literature on the beneficial effects of ginseng and its constituents. The major active components of ginseng are ginsenosides, a diverse group of steroidal saponins, which demonstrate the ability to target a myriad of tissues, producing an array of pharmacological responses. However, many mechanisms of ginsenoside activity still remain unknown. Since ginsenosides and other constituents of ginseng produce effects that are different from one another, and a single ginsenoside initiates multiple actions in the same tissue, the overall pharmacology of ginseng is complex. The ability of ginsenosides to independently target multireceptor systems at the plasma membrane, as well as to activate intracellular steroid receptors, may explain some pharmacological effects. This commentary aims to review selected effects of ginseng and ginsenosides and describe their possible modes of action. Structural variability of ginsenosides, structural and functional relationship to steroids, and potential targets of action are discussed.
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            Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells.

            C. Nathan (1992)
            Evolution has resorted to nitric oxide (NO), a tiny, reactive radical gas, to mediate both servoregulatory and cytotoxic functions. This article reviews how different forms of nitric oxide synthase help confer specificity and diversity on the effects of this remarkable signaling molecule.
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              Panax ginseng pharmacology: a nitric oxide link?

              C.Norman Gillis (1997)
              Panax ginseng is used in traditional Chinese medicine to enhance stamina and capacity to cope with fatigue and physical stress. Major active components are the ginsenosides, which are mainly triterpenoid dammarane derivatives. The mechanisms of ginseng actions remain unclear, although there is an extensive literature that deals with effects on the CNS (memory, learning, and behavior), neuroendocrine function, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, immune function, and the cardiovascular system. Reports are often contradictory, perhaps because the ginsenoside content of ginseng root or root extracts can differ, depending on the method of extraction, subsequent treatment, or even the season of its collection. Therefore, use of standardized, authentic ginseng root both in research and by the public is to be advocated. Several recent studies have suggested that the antioxidant and organ-protective actions of ginseng are linked to enhanced nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in endothelium of lung, heart, and kidney and in the corpus cavernosum. Enhanced NO synthesis thus could contribute to ginseng-associated vasodilatation and perhaps also to an aphrodisiac action of the root. Ginseng is sold in the U.S. as a food additive and thus need not meet specific safety and efficacy requirements of the Food and Drug Administration. Currently, such sales amount to over $300 million annually. As public use of ginseng continues to grow, it is important for this industry and Federal regulatory authorities to encourage efforts to study the efficacy of ginseng in humans by means of appropriately designed double-blind clinical studies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Ginseng Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Ginseng Res
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JGR
                Title: Journal of Ginseng Research
                Publisher: The Korean Society of Ginseng
                ISSN (Print): 1226-8453
                ISSN (Electronic): 2093-4947
                Publication date (Print): July 2012
                Volume: 36
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 263-269
                Affiliations
                [1 ]College of Veterinary Medicine and Stem Cell Research Therapeutic Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
                [2 ]College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
                [3 ]Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
                [4 ]Ginseng Corporation Central Research Institute, Daejeon 305-805, Korea
                [5 ]Metabolab Inc., Seoul 110-799, Korea
                [6 ]College of Animal Bioscience & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
                Author notes
                [# ] These authors equally contributed to this work.
                [* ]Corresponding authors E-mail: rheemh@ 123456knu.ac.kr Tel: +82-53-950-5967, Fax: +82-53-950-5955 E-mail: kskkim@ 123456cnu.ac.kr Tel: +82-42-821-6754, Fax: +82-42-821-8903
                Article
                Publisher ID: grosbr-36-263
                DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.3.263
                PMC ID: 3659593
                PubMed ID: 23717127
                SO-VID: 14d272ae-8272-4e94-8acd-888eecb4c992
                Copyright © Copyright ©2012, The Korean Society of Ginseng
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 02 March 2012
                Date revision received : 23 March 2012
                Date accepted : 24 March 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Articles

                Keywords: panax ginseng,20(s)-protopanaxadiol saponins,pro-inflammatory cytokines,endotoxic shock,macrophages
                Data availability:
                Keywords: panax ginseng, 20(s)-protopanaxadiol saponins, pro-inflammatory cytokines, endotoxic shock, macrophages

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