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      Analysis and comparison of intensity in specific soccer training sessions

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          Abstract

          This study compared the exercise intensity of four specific soccer training sessions (friendly and training match, tactical and technical workouts). Ten professional soccer players (24.2 ± 3.7 years, 177.9 ± 7.3 cm, 63.2 ± 4.6 mLO2•kg-1•min-l) were recruited. A treadmill progressive interval test was performed to determine the players' VO2max, maximal heart rate (HRmax), HR-VO2 curve, and the heart rate corresponding to blood lactate concentrations of 2 and 4 mmol/L. The heart rate during the training sessions was used to estimate the exercise intensity and to classify them into intensity zones (low-intensity: <2 mmol/L; moderate-intensity: between 2 and 4 mmol/L; high-intensity: >4 mmol/L). Exercise intensities were different among training sessions (friendly match: 86.0 ± 5.1% HRmax; training match: 81.2 ± 4.1% HRmax; tactical workout: 70.4 ± 5.3% HRmax; technical workout: 62.1 ± 3.6% HRmax). The friendly match presented the highest percentage of time performed in the high-intensity zone.

          Translated abstract

          "Análisis y comparación de la intensidad de las sesiones de entrenamiento de fútbol específicas." Este estudio comparó la intensidad de cuatro entrenamientos específicos de futbol (juego de entrenamiento, amistoso, técnico y táctico). Diez jugadores de futbol profesional fueron reclutados (24,2 ± 3,7 años, 177,9 ± 7,3 cm, 63,2 ± 4,6 mLO2•kg-1•min-l). Un examen con intervalos progresivos en la caminadora fue realizado para determinar: VO2max, FCmax, curva FC-VO2y frecuencia cardiaca correspondiente a las concentraciones de lactato de 2 y 4 mml/L. La frecuencia cardiaca de los entrenamientos fue usada para estimar la intensidad del ejercicio y clasificar zonas de intensidad (baja <2 mmol/L; moderada >2 y <4 mmol/L; alta >4 mmol/L). Las intensidades de las sesiones de entrenamiento fueron diferentes (juego amistoso: 86,0 ± 5,1% FCmax; entrenamiento 81,2 ± 4,1 % FCmax; entrenamiento táctico 70,4 ± 5,3% FCmax; entrenamiento técnico 62,1 ± 3,6% FCmax). El juego amistoso presentó porcentaje más alto de tiempo realizado en la zona de intensidad alta.

          Translated abstract

          "Análise e comparação da intensidade em sessões específicas de treinamento de futebol." Este estudo comparou a intensidade de quatro treinamentos específicos de futebol (jogo treino, amistoso, treinos técnicos e táticos). Dez jogadores de futebol profissional foram recrutados (24,2 ± 3,7 anos, 177,9 ± 7,3 cm, 63,2 ± 4,6 mLO2•kg-1•min-l). Um teste progressivo intervalado em esteira foi realizado para determinar o VO2max, frequência cardíaca máxima (FCmax), curva FC-VO2, e frequência cardíaca correspondente às concentrações de lactato de 2 e 4 mmol/L. A frequência cardíaca dos treinos foi usada para estimar a intensidade do exercício e classificá-los em zonas de intensidade (baixa, <2 mmol/L; moderada: entre 2 e 4 mmol/L; alta: >4 mmol/L). As intensidades das sessões de treinamento foram diferentes (jogo amistoso: 86,0 ± 5,1% FCmax; jogo treino: 81,2 ± 4,1 % FCmax; treino tático: 70,4 ± 5,3% FCmax; treino técnico: 62,1 ± 3,6% FCmax). O jogo amistoso apresentou porcentagem mais alta de tempo realizado na zona de intensidade alta.

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          Most cited references27

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          Physiology of small-sided games training in football: a systematic review.

          Small-sided games (SSGs) are played on reduced pitch areas, often using modified rules and involving a smaller number of players than traditional football. These games are less structured than traditional fitness training methods but are very popular training drills for players of all ages and levels. At present, there is relatively little information regarding how SSGs can best be used to improve physical capacities and technical or tactical skills in footballers. However, many prescriptive variables controlled by the coach can influence the exercise intensity during SSGs. Coaches usually attempt to change the training stimulus in SSGs through altering the pitch area, player number, coach encouragement, training regimen (continuous vs interval training), rules and the use of goalkeepers. In general, it appears that SSG exercise intensity is increased with the concurrent reduction in player number and increase in relative pitch area per player. However, the inverse relationship between the number of players in each SSG and exercise intensity does not apply to the time-motion characteristics. Consistent coach encouragement can also increase training intensity, but most rule changes do not appear to strongly affect exercise intensity. The variation of exercise intensity measures are lower in smaller game formats (e.g. three vs three) and have acceptable reproducibility when the same game is repeated between different training sessions or within the same session. The variation in exercise intensity during SSGs can also be improved with consistent coach encouragement but it is still more variable than traditional generic training methods. Other studies have also shown that SSGs containing fewer players can exceed match intensity and elicit similar intensities to both long- and short-duration high-intensity interval running. It also appears that fitness and football-specific performance can be improved equally with SSG and generic training drills. Future research is required to examine the optimal periodization strategies of SSGs training for the long-term development of physiological capacity, technical skill and tactical proficiency. © 2011 Adis Data Information BV. All rights reserved.
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            Muscle and blood metabolites during a soccer game: implications for sprint performance.

            To examine muscle and blood metabolites during soccer match play and relate it to possible changes in sprint performance. Thirty-one Danish fourth division players took part in three friendly games. Blood samples were collected frequently during the game, and muscle biopsies were taken before and after the game as well as immediately after an intense period in each half. The players performed five 30-m sprints interspersed by 25-s recovery periods before the game and immediately after each half (N=11) or after an intense exercise period in each half (N=20). Muscle lactate was 15.9+/-1.9 and 16.9+/-2.3 mmol.kg d.w. during the first and second halves, respectively, with blood lactate being 6.0+/-0.4 and 5.0+/-0.4 mM, respectively. Muscle lactate was not correlated with blood lactate (r=0.06-0.25, P>0.05). Muscle glycogen decreased (P<0.05) from 449+/-23 to 255+/-22 mmol.kg d.w. during the game, with 47+/-7% of the muscle fibers being completely or almost empty of glycogen after the game. Blood glucose remained elevated during the game, whereas plasma FFA increased (P<0.05) from 0.45+/-0.05 to 1.37+/-0.23 mM. Mean sprint time was unaltered after the first half, but longer (P<0.05) after the game (2.8+/-0.7%) as well as after intense periods in the first (1.6+/-0.6%) and second halves (3.6+/-0.5%). The decline in sprint performance during the game was not correlated with muscle lactate, muscle pH, or total glycogen content. Sprint performance is reduced both temporarily during a game and at the end of a soccer game. The latter finding may be explained by low glycogen levels in individual muscle fibers. Blood lactate is a poor indicator of muscle lactate during soccer match play.
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              Aerobic endurance training improves soccer performance.

              The aim of the present study was to study the effects of aerobic training on performance during soccer match and soccer specific tests. Nineteen male elite junior soccer players, age 18.1 +/- 0.8 yr, randomly assigned to the training group (N = 9) and the control group (N = 10) participated in the study. The specific aerobic training consisted of interval training, four times 4 min at 90-95% of maximal heart rate, with a 3-min jog in between, twice per week for 8 wk. Players were monitored by video during two matches, one before and one after training. In the training group: a) maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) increased from 58.1 +/- 4.5 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1) to 64.3 +/- 3.9 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1) (P < 0.01); b) lactate threshold improved from 47.8 +/- 5.3 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1) to 55.4 +/- 4.1 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1) (P < 0.01); c) running economy was also improved by 6.7% (P < 0.05); d) distance covered during a match increased by 20% in the training group (P < 0.01); e) number of sprints increased by 100% (P < 0.01); f) number of involvements with the ball increased by 24% (P < 0.05); g) the average work intensity during a soccer match, measured as percent of maximal heart rate, was enhanced from 82.7 +/- 3.4% to 85.6 +/- 3.1% (P < 0.05); and h) no changes were found in maximal vertical jumping height, strength, speed, kicking velocity, kicking precision, or quality of passes after the training period. The control group showed no changes in any of the tested parameters. Enhanced aerobic endurance in soccer players improved soccer performance by increasing the distance covered, enhancing work intensity, and increasing the number of sprints and involvements with the ball during a match.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                motriz
                Motriz: Revista de Educação Física
                Motriz: rev. educ. fis.
                Universidade Estadual Paulista (Rio Claro )
                1980-6574
                March 2015
                : 21
                : 1
                : 54-60
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Fluminense Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto Brazil
                [4 ] Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso Brazil
                [5 ] Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
                [6 ] Universidade Federal do Maranhão Brazil
                Article
                S1980-65742015000100054
                10.1590/S1980-65742015000100007
                13819222-3904-4982-9b51-7fcaa477d683

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1980-6574&lng=en
                Categories
                SPORT SCIENCES

                Sports medicine
                exercise intensity,heart rate,soccer,frecuencia cardíaca,futbol,intensidad de ejercicio,frequência cardíaca,futebol,intensidade de exercício

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