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      Hard flaccid syndrome: state of current knowledge

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Hard-flaccid syndrome is gaining increased interest among male sexual dysfunctions in the last years. It is poorly understood and defined. Most of the information comes from online forums. This paper is a review of current knowledge on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, pathophysiological mechanisms and treatments of this newly recognized condition.

          Material and methods

          A literature review was conducted on MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PASCAL databases and google scholar, using the terms: hard, flaccid, syndrome. The research identified 16 articles published between 2018 and February 2019. After reference lists review and duplicates removal, 7 full text references were eligible and useful for our review that follows PRISMA guidelines.

          Results

          The condition is acquired, chronic and painful. It is characterized by a constantly semi-rigid penis at the flaccid state and a loss in erectile rigidity. Patients have penile sensory changes, urinary symptoms, erectile dysfunction, pelvic floor muscles contraction and psychological distress. Symptoms are worse in standing position. The majority of the cases aged between their second and third decades. A traumatic injury at the base of an erect penis is the initial event. Neurovascular structures damage and subsequent sensory, muscular and vascular changes follow. Initial symptoms trigger emotional distress and reactional sympathetic stimulation that worsen symptoms. Diagnosis is based on patient’s history. Imaging and blood tests are normal. Differential diagnosis includes high-flow priapism and non-erecting erections. A multimodal treatment has been so far the most beneficial strategy, consisting of behavioral modifications to reduce stress and decrease pelvic floor muscles contraction, evaluation and treatment of the associated psychological conditions, and medical therapy for pain control and the treatment of the associated erectile dysfunction.

          Conclusion

          Hard-flaccid syndrome is poorly recognized in the daily clinical experience and not well defined. A multimodal approach seems so far the most efficient strategy for treatment. Additional evidence based studies with better quality are needed to define the exact pathophysiological mechanisms and subsequently more efficient therapeutic strategies.

          Résumé

          Contexte

          Le syndrome de la détumescence rigide (STR) fait le sujet de plusieurs discussions en ligne concernant les dysfonctions sexuelles. Cette entité est. mal définie et peu reconnue. Nous présentons dans cet article une revue de la littérature sur la présentation clinique, le diagnostic, les mécanismes physiopathologiques et les stratégies de thérapeutique du STR.

          Matériel et Méthodes

          La revue de la littérature a été réalisée selon les recommandations PRISMA. En cherchant sur MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PASCAL et google scholar les termes « hard, flaccid et syndrome », on a identifié 16 articles publiés entre 2018 et février 2019. Après la revue des références des articles et le triage des doublons, 7 articles ont été retenus.

          Résultats

          Il s’agit d’une pathologie acquise, chronique et douloureuse, caractérisée par une verge semi rigide à l’état flaccide avec une perte de rigidité lors des érections. Les patients souffrent de troubles sensitifs péniens et érectiles avec une contracture permanente des muscles pelviens ainsi que des troubles urinaires et psychologiques. Les symptômes sont aggravés par la position debout. La notion de traumatisme de la base de la verge est. rapportée par la majorité des patients. Ce traumatisme semble entrainer une altération des structures nerveuses et vasculaires péniennes à l’origine des troubles sensitifs et érectiles. Ces derniers créent des troubles émotionnels avec une stimulation sympathique réactionnelle qui engendre une contraction surajoutée des muscles pelviens et qui empire les symptômes. Le diagnostic est. clinique et les examens paracliniques sont normaux. Le traitement est. multimodal, il englobe les thérapies comportementales, la prise en charge des altérations psychologiques et de la douleur, afin d’agir sur la contraction des muscles pelviens et sur le stress associé à la dysfonction érectile.

          Conclusion

          Le syndrome de la détumescence rigide reste peu connu et mal défini dans la pratique clinique. Une approche thérapeutique multimodale parait la plus adéquate actuellement. Des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires afin de mieux cerner cette entité dans le but d’améliorer sa prise en charge.

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          Most cited references3

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          Hard flaccid syndrome: initial report of four cases

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            Hard flaccid syndrome

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              PO-01-037 Hard flaccid: Is It a new syndrome?

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Maher.abdessater@gmail.com
                kanbar@outlook.com
                akakpowilliam@gmail.com
                beleysebastien@yahoo.fr
                Journal
                Basic Clin Androl
                Basic Clin Androl
                Basic and Clinical Andrology
                BioMed Central (London )
                2051-4190
                4 June 2020
                4 June 2020
                2020
                : 30
                : 7
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.411439.a, ISNI 0000 0001 2150 9058, Department of urology, , APHP -La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, ; 47-83 Boulevard de l’hopital, 75013 Paris, France
                [2 ]Department of urology, Clinique Turin, Paris, France
                Article
                105
                10.1186/s12610-020-00105-5
                7271516
                133c99fb-d762-4b16-99d8-c11642aaff4f
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 14 March 2020
                : 17 May 2020
                Categories
                Review Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2020

                male sexual dysfunction,hard flaccid,semi-rigid,dysfonction sexuelle ,syndrome de la détumescence rigide

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