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      Epithelial–mesenchymal plasticity in carcinoma metastasis

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          Abstract

          A developmental program termed epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a critical role in promoting metastasis in epithelial-derived carcinomas. Recent studies also implicate its reverse program, mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET), in this metastatic process. In this review, Tsai and Yang discuss the functional requirement of EMT and/or MET during the individual steps of tumor metastasis and the potential for targeting these programs when treating metastatic diseases.

          Abstract

          Tumor metastasis is a multistep process by which tumor cells disseminate from their primary site and form secondary tumors at a distant site. Metastasis occurs through a series of steps: local invasion, intravasation, transport, extravasation, and colonization. A developmental program termed epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been shown to play a critical role in promoting metastasis in epithelium-derived carcinoma. Recent experimental and clinical studies have improved our knowledge of this dynamic program and implicated EMT and its reverse program, mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET), in the metastatic process. Here, we review the functional requirement of EMT and/or MET during the individual steps of tumor metastasis and discuss the potential of targeting this program when treating metastatic diseases.

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          Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation

          Douglas Hanahan, Robert A. Weinberg (2011)
          The hallmarks of cancer comprise six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors. The hallmarks constitute an organizing principle for rationalizing the complexities of neoplastic disease. They include sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. Underlying these hallmarks are genome instability, which generates the genetic diversity that expedites their acquisition, and inflammation, which fosters multiple hallmark functions. Conceptual progress in the last decade has added two emerging hallmarks of potential generality to this list-reprogramming of energy metabolism and evading immune destruction. In addition to cancer cells, tumors exhibit another dimension of complexity: they contain a repertoire of recruited, ostensibly normal cells that contribute to the acquisition of hallmark traits by creating the "tumor microenvironment." Recognition of the widespread applicability of these concepts will increasingly affect the development of new means to treat human cancer. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and disease.

            Jean Paul Thiery, Hervé Acloque, Ruby Y J Huang … (2009)
            The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays crucial roles in the formation of the body plan and in the differentiation of multiple tissues and organs. EMT also contributes to tissue repair, but it can adversely cause organ fibrosis and promote carcinoma progression through a variety of mechanisms. EMT endows cells with migratory and invasive properties, induces stem cell properties, prevents apoptosis and senescence, and contributes to immunosuppression. Thus, the mesenchymal state is associated with the capacity of cells to migrate to distant organs and maintain stemness, allowing their subsequent differentiation into multiple cell types during development and the initiation of metastasis.
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              The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

              Raghu Kalluri, Robert Weinberg (2009)
              The origins of the mesenchymal cells participating in tissue repair and pathological processes, notably tissue fibrosis, tumor invasiveness, and metastasis, are poorly understood. However, emerging evidence suggests that epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) represent one important source of these cells. As we discuss here, processes similar to the EMTs associated with embryo implantation, embryogenesis, and organ development are appropriated and subverted by chronically inflamed tissues and neoplasias. The identification of the signaling pathways that lead to activation of EMT programs during these disease processes is providing new insights into the plasticity of cellular phenotypes and possible therapeutic interventions.
              Article 0 comments Cited 1339 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Genes Dev
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Genes Dev
                Journal ID (publisher-id): GAD
                Title: Genes & Development
                Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
                ISSN (Print): 0890-9369
                ISSN (Electronic): 1549-5477
                Publication date (Print): 15 October 2013
                Volume: 27
                Issue: 20
                Pages: 2192-2206
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pharmacology,
                [2 ]Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
                Author notes
                [3 ]Corresponding author E-mail jingyang@ 123456ucsd.edu
                Article
                Medline ID: 8711660
                DOI: 10.1101/gad.225334.113
                PMC ID: 3814640
                PubMed ID: 24142872
                SO-VID: 1223d476-7a6e-408c-bcd5-b1a723ea0108
                Copyright © © 2013 Tsai and Yang; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
                License:

                This article is distributed exclusively by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press for the first six months after the full-issue publication date (see http://genesdev.cshlp.org/site/misc/terms.xhtml). After six months, it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported), as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/.

                History
                Page count
                Pages: 15
                Categories
                Subject: 7
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: epithelial–mesenchymal transition (emt),mesenchymal–epithelial transition (met),carcinoma metastasis,extravasation,intravasation,invasion,tumor dormancy
                Data availability:
                Keywords: epithelial–mesenchymal transition (emt), mesenchymal–epithelial transition (met), carcinoma metastasis, extravasation, intravasation, invasion, tumor dormancy

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