Chow diet in mouse aging studies: nothing regular about it

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Abstract

Chow diet is used in the majority of rodent studies and, although assumed to be standardized for dietary source and nutritional contents, it varies widely across commercial formulations. Similarly, current approaches to study aging in rodents involve a single-diet formulation across the lifespan and overlook age-specific nutritional requirements, which may have long-term effects on aging processes. Together, these nutrition-based disparities represent major gaps in geroscience research, affecting the interpretation and reproducibility of the studies. This perspective aims to raise awareness on the importance of rodent diet formulation and proposes that geroscientists include detailed descriptions of all experimental diets and feeding protocols. Detailed reporting of diets will enhance rigor and reproducibility of aging rodent studies and lead to more translational outcomes in geroscience research.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11357-023-00775-9.

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Most cited references 19

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AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet.

Philip Reeves, Forrest H Nielsen, George Fahey (1993)

For sixteen years, the American Institute of Nutrition Rodent Diets, AIN-76 and AIN-76A, have been used extensively around the world. Because of numerous nutritional and technical problems encountered with the diet during this period, it was revised. Two new formulations were derived: AIN-93G for growth, pregnancy and lactation, and AIN-93M for adult maintenance. Some major differences in the new formulation of AIN-93G compared with AIN-76A are as follows: 7 g soybean oil/100 g diet was substituted for 5 g corn oil/100 g diet to increase the amount of linolenic acid; cornstarch was substituted for sucrose; the amount of phosphorus was reduced to help eliminate the problem of kidney calcification in female rats; L-cystine was substituted for DL-methionine as the amino acid supplement for casein, known to be deficient in the sulfur amino acids; manganese concentration was lowered to one-fifth the amount in the old diet; the amounts of vitamin E, vitamin K and vitamin B-12 were increased; and molybdenum, silicon, fluoride, nickel, boron, lithium and vanadium were added to the mineral mix. For the AIN-93M maintenance diet, the amount of fat was lowered to 40 g/kg diet from 70 g/kg diet, and the amount of casein to 140 g/kg from 200 g/kg in the AIN-93G diet. Because of a better balance of essential nutrients, the AIN-93 diets may prove to be a better choice than AIN-76A for long-term as well as short-term studies with laboratory rodents.

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The ratio of macronutrients, not caloric intake, dictates cardiometabolic health, aging, and longevity in ad libitum-fed mice.

Samantha M Solon-Biet, Aisling McMahon, J. William O. Ballard … (2014)

The fundamental questions of what represents a macronutritionally balanced diet and how this maintains health and longevity remain unanswered. Here, the Geometric Framework, a state-space nutritional modeling method, was used to measure interactive effects of dietary energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate on food intake, cardiometabolic phenotype, and longevity in mice fed one of 25 diets ad libitum. Food intake was regulated primarily by protein and carbohydrate content. Longevity and health were optimized when protein was replaced with carbohydrate to limit compensatory feeding for protein and suppress protein intake. These consequences are associated with hepatic mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation and mitochondrial function and, in turn, related to circulating branched-chain amino acids and glucose. Calorie restriction achieved by high-protein diets or dietary dilution had no beneficial effects on lifespan. The results suggest that longevity can be extended in ad libitum-fed animals by manipulating the ratio of macronutrients to inhibit mTOR activation. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Effects of Sex, Strain, and Energy Intake on Hallmarks of Aging in Mice.

Sarah J Mitchell, Julio Matute, Morten Scheibye-Knudsen … (2016)

Calorie restriction (CR) is the most robust non-genetic intervention to delay aging. However, there are a number of emerging experimental variables that alter CR responses. We investigated the role of sex, strain, and level of CR on health and survival in mice. CR did not always correlate with lifespan extension, although it consistently improved health across strains and sexes. Transcriptional and metabolomics changes driven by CR in liver indicated anaplerotic filling of the Krebs cycle together with fatty acid fueling of mitochondria. CR prevented age-associated decline in the liver proteostasis network while increasing mitochondrial number, preserving mitochondrial ultrastructure and function with age. Abrogation of mitochondrial function negated life-prolonging effects of CR in yeast and worms. Our data illustrate the complexity of CR in the context of aging, with a clear separation of outcomes related to health and survival, highlighting complexities of translation of CR into human interventions.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Jennifer Lee:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0071-1438

jen.lee@tufts.edu

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): GeroScience

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Geroscience

Title: GeroScience

Publisher: Springer International Publishing (Cham )

ISSN (Print): 2509-2715

ISSN (Electronic): 2509-2723

Publication date (Electronic): 20 April 2023

Publication date PMC-release: 20 April 2023

Publication date Collection: June 2023

Volume: 45

Issue: 3

Pages: 2079-2084

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.508992.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0601 7786, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center On Aging at Tufts University, ; 711 Washington St, Boston, MA USA

[2 ]GRID grid.508994.9, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, , Western Human Nutrition Research Center, ; Davis, CA USA

[3 ]GRID grid.27860.3b, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9684, Department of Nutrition, , University of California Davis, ; Davis, CA USA

[4 ]GRID grid.249880.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0374 0039, The Jackson Laboratory, ; Bar Harbor, ME USA

Author information

Jennifer Lee http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0071-1438

Article

Publisher ID: 775

DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00775-9

PMC ID: 10400503

PubMed ID: 37079216

SO-VID: 0ecf4e27-5a77-4eaa-8744-b537de915404

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 3 February 2023

Date accepted : 16 March 2023

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007917, Agricultural Research Service;

Award ID: No. 58-1950-7-707

Award ID: 2032-51530-025-000-D

Award Recipient : Sarah L. Booth Brian Bennett

Funded by: NIH

Award ID: AG038070

Award Recipient : Ron Korstanje

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Keywords: chow diet,dietary source,aging

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Keywords: chow diet, dietary source, aging

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Chow diet in mouse aging studies: nothing regular about it

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Hearing Loss and Restoration

Most cited references 19

AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet.

The ratio of macronutrients, not caloric intake, dictates cardiometabolic health, aging, and longevity in ad libitum-fed mice.

Effects of Sex, Strain, and Energy Intake on Hallmarks of Aging in Mice.

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