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      Assessment of pathogens in flood waters in coastal rural regions: Case study after Hurricane Michael and Florence

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          Abstract

          The severity of hurricanes, and thus the associated impacts, is changing over time. One of the understudied threats from damage caused by hurricanes is the potential for cross-contamination of water bodies with pathogens in coastal agricultural regions. Using microbiological data collected after hurricanes Florence and Michael, this study shows a dichotomy in the presence of pathogens in coastal North Carolina and Florida. Salmonella typhimurium was abundant in water samples collected in the regions dominated by swine farms. A drastic decrease in Enterococcus spp. in Carolinas is indicative of pathogen removal with flooding waters. Except for the abundance presence of Salmonella typhimurium, no significant changes in pathogens were observed after Hurricane Michael in the Florida panhandle. We argue that a comprehensive assessment of pathogens must be included in decision-making activities in the immediate aftermath of hurricanes to build resilience against risks of pathogenic exposure in rural agricultural and human populations in vulnerable locations.

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          Most cited references31

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          The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments.

          Currently, a lack of consensus exists on how best to perform and interpret quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) experiments. The problem is exacerbated by a lack of sufficient experimental detail in many publications, which impedes a reader's ability to evaluate critically the quality of the results presented or to repeat the experiments. The Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guidelines target the reliability of results to help ensure the integrity of the scientific literature, promote consistency between laboratories, and increase experimental transparency. MIQE is a set of guidelines that describe the minimum information necessary for evaluating qPCR experiments. Included is a checklist to accompany the initial submission of a manuscript to the publisher. By providing all relevant experimental conditions and assay characteristics, reviewers can assess the validity of the protocols used. Full disclosure of all reagents, sequences, and analysis methods is necessary to enable other investigators to reproduce results. MIQE details should be published either in abbreviated form or as an online supplement. Following these guidelines will encourage better experimental practice, allowing more reliable and unequivocal interpretation of qPCR results.
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            Normalized Hurricane Damage in the United States: 1900–2005

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              Climate change and human health: impacts, vulnerability and public health.

              It is now widely accepted that climate change is occurring as a result of the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere arising from the combustion of fossil fuels. Climate change may affect health through a range of pathways, for example as a result of increased frequency and intensity of heat waves, reduction in cold related deaths, increased floods and droughts, changes in the distribution of vector-borne diseases and effects on the risk of disasters and malnutrition. The overall balance of effects on health is likely to be negative and populations in low-income countries are likely to be particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects. The experience of the 2003 heat wave in Europe shows that high-income countries may also be adversely affected. Adaptation to climate change requires public health strategies and improved surveillance. Mitigation of climate change by reducing the use of fossil fuels and increasing a number of uses of the renewable energy technologies should improve health in the near-term by reducing exposure to air pollution.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: Validation
                Role: Investigation
                Role: Investigation
                Role: Investigation
                Role: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLOS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                4 August 2023
                2023
                : 18
                : 8
                : e0273757
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
                [2 ] Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
                [3 ] Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
                [4 ] Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
                [5 ] Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
                [6 ] Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States of America
                Nitte University, INDIA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2718-8387
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8075-6972
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8191-2348
                Article
                PONE-D-22-22684
                10.1371/journal.pone.0273757
                10403080
                37540666
                0de3a701-e7b3-44c1-b083-500a11891033
                © 2023 Usmani et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 13 August 2022
                : 23 February 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 1, Pages: 12
                Funding
                Funded by: National Science Foundation (NSF) Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental and Transport Systems (CBET)
                Award ID: 1751954
                Award Recipient :
                This study was financially supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental and Transport Systems (CBET) in the form of a grant (1751954) awarded to AJ. No additional external funding was received for this study. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Earth Sciences
                Hydrology
                Flooding
                Earth Sciences
                Natural Disasters
                Hurricanes
                Earth Sciences
                Atmospheric Science
                Meteorology
                Storms
                Hurricanes
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Microbiology
                Medical Microbiology
                Microbial Pathogens
                Bacterial Pathogens
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Pathogens
                Microbial Pathogens
                Bacterial Pathogens
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Medical Conditions
                Infectious Diseases
                Bacterial Diseases
                Salmonella
                Salmonella Typhimurium
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Microbiology
                Medical Microbiology
                Microbial Pathogens
                Bacterial Pathogens
                Salmonella
                Salmonella Typhimurium
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Pathogens
                Microbial Pathogens
                Bacterial Pathogens
                Salmonella
                Salmonella Typhimurium
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Bacteria
                Enterobacteriaceae
                Salmonella
                Salmonella Typhimurium
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Animal Management
                Livestock
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Bacteria
                Enterococcus
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Microbiology
                Medical Microbiology
                Microbial Pathogens
                Bacterial Pathogens
                Enterococcus
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Pathogens
                Microbial Pathogens
                Bacterial Pathogens
                Enterococcus
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Amniotes
                Mammals
                Swine
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Amniotes
                Mammals
                Swine
                People and places
                Geographical locations
                North America
                United States
                Florida
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper.

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

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