Recent Sustainable Development Goals were established by the United Nations (2015–2030),
including the broad goal of “good health and wellbeing” for all. Good health and wellbeing
(item 3), quality education (item 4), gender equality (item 5) and reduced inequalities
(item 10) are among the 17 items of the list.1 These four cited goals are directly
linked to the unresolved issue of pregnancy during adolescence, and point to fact
that well-directed work needs to be done in this area.
According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), around 16 million girls between
the ages of 15 and 19, and 1 million girls under the age of 15, give birth every year
around the world. In addition, ∼ 95% of these deliveries are concentrated in developing
countries, and it is estimated that by 2035 births will be ∼ 20 million, making pregnancy
in adolescence one of the major public health problems.2
3 In Brazil, the 2015 National Household Sample Program (PNAD, in the Portuguese acronym)
compared the specific fertility rate of women aged 15 to 19 between the years of 2004
and 2014, and this indicator changed from 78.8 to 60.5 children per thousand women
in this age group. The participation of adolescents in the total fertility rate remained
high, going from 18.4 to 17.4% in the same period.4
Maternity during adolescence draws attention to political debates and issues that
have been studied in different areas of knowledge. In the area of public health, teenage
pregnancy is considered a major problem due to the high prevalence and perinatal risks.
Adolescent pregnancies may be considered high risk, especially those of adolescents
under the age of 15, and they often fall outside the statistics data.5 Childbirth
and complications of pregnancy are the leading causes of hospitalization and death
among adolescent women in developing countries. Anemia, preeclampsia and postpartum
hemorrhage may occur in greater proportions than in adult pregnant women.6 A recent
study among pregnant Brazilian adolescents found that 42% of them suffered from anemia.7
Preterm birth, low birth weight, low Apgar score and perinatal mortality are also
more frequent among the children of teenagers.6
The nutritional aspects should also be considered a problem in the association of
gestation with adolescence, since these are two periods of great metabolic transformations
overlapping. Adolescents in general present an accelerated increase in their overall
metabolism, and often have poor nutritional habits and make poor food choices, a behavior
that generates deficiencies in the intake of some micronutrients, higher rates of
overweight and obesity, in addition to a greater frequency of pathological eating
disorders, such as bulimia and anorexia.8
Obesity may be associated with early menarche, which is one of the risk factors for
early pregnancy. During pregnancy, teenagers can experiment excessive gestational
weight gain, and that may result in post-pregnancy weight retention and obesity in
adult life. Overweightness and obesity affect ∼ 30–40% of Brazilian women in reproductive
age with physical and psychological repercussions leading to an increased risk of
non-communicable diseases and a cycle of morbidity and poor health condition in the
broadest sense.9
10
11
12
Besides the aforementioned medical risks, there is an increase in the social risk
related to the physical, emotional, economic, and social dependence of these girls.
There is also a greater risk of violence, in all its forms, associated with the lack
of autonomy of these mothers in making their own decisions. Lack of autonomy can compromise
the aspects related to the evolution of the gestation, as well as various aspects
of the mother's future life. Examples of this condition include the later onset of
prenatal follow-up,6 and the higher prevalence of “delays” in obstetric care, related
to the occurrence of maternal near miss, both of which are higher among adolescents.13
Unwanted pregnancy is an important cause of morbidity in adolescence, and the use
of effective contraception is one of the fundamental pillars that prevent the occurrence
of this problem.14 In the United States, teenage pregnancy rates are the highest among
high-income countries.15 However, there has been a reduction since 1990, which could
be associated with educational programs that address responsible sexuality and contraceptive
use among adolescents. Such educational programs would have been responsible for 86%
of this decline.16 The use of a “double method” or “double protection,” which consists
of the use of a condom associated with another effective method, and a more widespread
use of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) accompanied this reduction.17
Any reversible method of contraception can be used for adolescents. Neither the age
nor the number of previous pregnancies constitutes a medical reason to contraindicate
any of them. It is important to remember that, whatever the choice, it should be based
on current scientific information, respecting the eligibility criteria of each method
established by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the recommendations of the
Brazilian Ministry of Health.18
19 A Brazilian study shows that after childbirth, the most used contraceptive method
was depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). To improve contraception and reduce
the chance of unintended pregnancies among adolescents, we should promote the use
of LARCs.20
A recent systematic review of the Cochrane Library compiled studies with a higher
quality of information elaboration and consistency, and concluded that it is necessary
to integrate educational interventions and offer contraceptive methods in order to
reduce the phenomenon of teenage pregnancy.21
The abstention from formal education among adolescent pregnant women is relevant,
and many of them do not have the opportunity to resume their education once they give
birth due to the time they spend in the care of their newborns.22 The lower schooling
of adolescents at the time of their first pregnancy can be attributed to this serious
condition of social deprivation (dropping out of school), and could be one of the
reasons behind the etiology of the problem, being the cause, and not the consequence.
Disruption of studies in the puerperal period are often unavoidable due to lack of
support for these girls and their babies. This all adds to the negative social and
economic impact on the adolescents, their families, and society as a whole, for it
hinders them from using their potential to invest in their education, find a job and
ear an income. The absence from school also increases the chances of a recurring pregnancy
still during adolescence. On the other hand, adolescents who do not become pregnant
are more likely to finish high school.22
In addition to formal education, adolescent sexual education is required. It is widely
quoted by the WHO / and The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) that
“Sexual education does not lead to increased sexual activity or stimulation of early
sexual activity,” and a sexual orientation and education policy is necessary to enable
“educated and empowered women and girls to make decisions about their own health,”
thereby ensuring their reproductive rights, according to Dr. Margaret Chan, Director-General
of the WHO.
In this context, the role of the gynecologist-obstetrician is to guide and ensure
safe and effective contraception and protection from sexually transmitted diseases.
For pregnant teenagers, they could perform prenatal care, preferably with a multidisciplinary
team composed of motivated professionals aiming at pregnancy care, as well as health
promotion in the general sense. In the puerperal period, it is necessary to pay special
attention to contraception, because the risk of another pregnancy is greater then.
It is also important to recruit all possible support, so that these young mothers
can resume their life plans.
More than an organic look at the risks involved in gestation among adolescents, the
meaning of pregnancy varies according to the social context in which the teenager
is inserted. The restricted perspective of personal growth by these young women, the
lack of educational incentive and labor market, make them find in pregnancy and in
the social role of being a mother a life goal. In this sense, it is perceived that
dealing with the reality of pregnancy in adolescence involves dealing with contradictions
and ethical dilemmas that go beyond the clinical protocols of care.
Adolescent pregnancy requires critical insight. It is a public health problem, and
it presents different dimensions as a human and social phenomenon in different cultures,
but its occurrence can often disrupt personal growth and development, and jeopardize
future opportunities for many girls. Finally, it is a question of gender and vulnerability
that reflects all kinds of inequity.