Self‐healing Micro‐Supercapacitor Based on Robust Liquid Metal‐CNT‐PEDOT:PSS Film for Wireless Powering of Integrated Strain Sensor

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Abstract

The limited energy density of micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs) and challenges in their integration significantly impede the advancement of MSCs in wearable electronic devices. Here, this work designs a robust and wrinkled liquid metal‐CNT‐PEDOT:PSS film with high capacity and self‐healing properties (defined as LM‐CNT‐PEDOT:PSS). The wrinkled structure further enhances tensile properties of LM‐CNT‐PEDOT:PSS and increases its active specific surface area per unit. Simultaneously, the incorporation of liquid metal (LM) enhances both the mechanical and healing properties of the LM‐CNT‐PEDOT:PSS electrode. The flexible and self‐healing MSC based on wrinkled LM‐CNT‐PEDOT:PSS shows a remarkable specific capacitance of 114.29 mF cm ⁻² and a high areal energy density of 15.47 µW h cm ⁻². Furthermore, the electrochemical performance of the healed MSC retained 90.01% of its initial performance, and the MSC unit can be arbitrarily integrated according to various energy and voltage requirements through the healing properties of LM‐CNT‐PEDOT:PSS, widening the range of applications in next‐generation microelectronic devices. The wrinkled LM‐CNT‐PEDOT:PSS film is utilized for the fabrication of a highly sensitive strain sensor. Simultaneously, the prepared sensor can be seamlessly integrated with wireless charging and MSC to facilitate convenient monitoring of physiological signals, thereby offering an effective solution for the advancement of wearable technology and self‐powered systems.

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Most cited references 34

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Stretchable and Soft Electronics using Liquid Metals.

Michael D. Dickey (2017)

The use of liquid metals based on gallium for soft and stretchable electronics is discussed. This emerging class of electronics is motivated, in part, by the new opportunities that arise from devices that have mechanical properties similar to those encountered in the human experience, such as skin, tissue, textiles, and clothing. These types of electronics (e.g., wearable or implantable electronics, sensors for soft robotics, e-skin) must operate during deformation. Liquid metals are compelling materials for these applications because, in principle, they are infinitely deformable while retaining metallic conductivity. Liquid metals have been used for stretchable wires and interconnects, reconfigurable antennas, soft sensors, self-healing circuits, and conformal electrodes. In contrast to Hg, liquid metals based on gallium have low toxicity and essentially no vapor pressure and are therefore considered safe to handle. Whereas most liquids bead up to minimize surface energy, the presence of a surface oxide on these metals makes it possible to pattern them into useful shapes using a variety of techniques, including fluidic injection and 3D printing. In addition to forming excellent conductors, these metals can be used actively to form memory devices, sensors, and diodes that are completely built from soft materials. The properties of these materials, their applications within soft and stretchable electronics, and future opportunities and challenges are considered.

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All-MXene (2D titanium carbide) solid-state microsupercapacitors for on-chip energy storage

You-Yu Peng, Bilen Akuzum, Narendra Kurra … (2016)

Novel, noble-metal-free, solid-state all-titanium carbide (Ti 3 C 2 T x ) MXene microsupercapacitors are fabricated, which exhibit high areal capacitance, excellent rate-capability, and are transferable to any surface. On-chip energy storage is a rapidly evolving research topic, opening doors for the integration of batteries and supercapacitors at the microscale on rigid and flexible platforms. Recently, a new class of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and nitrides (so-called MXenes) has shown great promise in electrochemical energy storage applications. Here, we report the fabrication of all-MXene (Ti 3 C 2 T x ) solid-state interdigital microsupercapacitors by employing a solution spray-coating method, followed by a photoresist-free direct laser cutting method. Our prototype devices consisted of two layers of Ti 3 C 2 T x with two different flake sizes. The bottom layer was stacked large-size MXene flakes (lateral dimensions of 3–6 μm) serving mainly as current collectors. The top layer was made of small-size MXene flakes (∼1 μm) with a large number of defects and edges as the electroactive layer responsible for energy storage. Compared to Ti 3 C 2 T x micro-supercapacitors with platinum current collectors, the all-MXene devices exhibited a much lower contact resistance, higher capacitances and better rate-capabilities. Areal and volumetric capacitances of ∼27 mF cm −2 and ∼357 F cm −3 , respectively, at a scan rate of 20 mV s −1 were achieved. The devices also demonstrated excellent cyclic stability, with 100% capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles at a scan rate of 50 mV s −1 . This study opens up a plethora of possible designs for high-performance on-chip devices employing different chemistries, flake sizes and morphologies of MXenes and their heterostructures.

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PEDOT:PSS for Flexible and Stretchable Electronics: Modifications, Strategies, and Applications

Xi Fan, Wanyi Nie, Hsinhan Tsai … (2019)

Abstract Substantial effort has been devoted to both scientific and technological developments of wearable, flexible, semitransparent, and sensing electronics (e.g., organic/perovskite photovoltaics, organic thin‐film transistors, and medical sensors) in the past decade. The key to realizing those functionalities is essentially the fabrication of conductive electrodes with desirable mechanical properties. Conductive polymers (CPs) of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) have emerged to be the most promising flexible electrode materials over rigid metallic oxides and play a critical role in these unprecedented devices as transparent electrodes, hole transport layers, interconnectors, electroactive layers, or motion‐sensing conductors. Here, the current status of research on PEDOT:PSS is summarized including various approaches to boosting the electrical conductivity and mechanical compliance and stability, directly linked to the underlying mechanism of the performance enhancements. Along with the basic principles, the most cutting edge‐progresses in devices with PEDOT:PSS are highlighted. Meanwhile, the advantages and plausible problems of the CPs and as‐fabricated devices are pointed out. Finally, new perspectives are given for CP modifications and device fabrications. This work stresses the importance of developing CP films and reveals their critical role in the evolution of these next‐generation devices featuring wearable, deformable, printable, ultrathin, and see‐through characteristics.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Jian Gao: (View ORCID Profile)

Journal

Title: Small Methods

Abbreviated Title: Small Methods

Publisher: Wiley

ISSN (Print): 2366-9608

ISSN (Electronic): 2366-9608

Publication date (Electronic): December 08 2024

Affiliations

[1 ] State Key Laboratory Base for Eco‐Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China

Article

DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202401581

SO-VID: 0d41a070-027b-43b3-862a-1e0a05b34773

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

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