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      The First Salamander Defensin Antimicrobial Peptide

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          Abstract

          Antimicrobial peptides have been widely identified from amphibian skins except salamanders. A novel antimicrobial peptide (CFBD) was isolated and characterized from skin secretions of the salamander, Cynops fudingensis. The cDNA encoding CFBD precursor was cloned from the skin cDNA library of C. fudingensis. The precursor was composed of three domains: signal peptide of 17 residues, mature peptide of 41 residues and intervening propeptide of 3 residues. There are six cysteines in the sequence of mature CFBD peptide, which possibly form three disulfide-bridges. CFBD showed antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Escherichia coli. This peptide could be classified into family of β-defensin based on its seqeuence similarity with β-defensins from other vertebrates. Evolution analysis indicated that CFBD was close to fish β-defensin. As far as we know, CFBD is the first β-defensin antimicrobial peptide from salamanders.

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          Defensins: antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity.

          Tomas Ganz (2003)
          The production of natural antibiotic peptides has emerged as an important mechanism of innate immunity in plants and animals. Defensins are diverse members of a large family of antimicrobial peptides, contributing to the antimicrobial action of granulocytes, mucosal host defence in the small intestine and epithelial host defence in the skin and elsewhere. This review, inspired by a spate of recent studies of defensins in human diseases and animal models, focuses on the biological function of defensins.
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            Cutaneous Bacteria of the Redback Salamander Prevent Morbidity Associated with a Lethal Disease

            Matthew Becker, Reid N. Harris (2010)
            Chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is an infectious disease that causes population declines of many amphibians. Cutaneous bacteria isolated from redback salamanders, Plethodon cinereus, and mountain yellow-legged frogs, Rana muscosa, inhibit the growth of Bd in vitro. In this study, the bacterial community present on the skin of P. cinereus individuals was investigated to determine if it provides protection to salamanders from the lethal and sub-lethal effects of chytridiomycosis. When the cutaneous bacterial community was reduced prior to Bd exposure, salamanders experienced a significantly greater decrease in body mass, which is a symptom of the disease, when compared to infected individuals with a normal bacterial community. In addition, a greater proportion of infected individuals with a reduced bacterial community experienced limb-lifting, a behavior seen only in infected individuals. Overall, these results demonstrate that the cutaneous bacterial community of P. cinereus provides protection to the salamander from Bd and that alteration of this community can change disease resistance. Therefore, symbiotic microbes associated with this species appear to be an important component of its innate skin defenses.
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              Defensins in innate immunity.

              Linda Hazlett, Minhao Wu (2010)
              The innate immune system is the first line of defense against many common microorganisms, which can initiate adaptive immune responses to provide increased protection against subsequent re-infection by the same pathogen. As a major family of antimicrobial peptides, defensins are widely expressed in a variety of epithelial cells and sometimes in leukocytes, playing an important role in the innate immune system due to their antimicrobial, chemotactic and regulatory activities. This review introduces their structure, classification, distribution, synthesis, and focuses on their biological activities and mechanisms, as well as clinical relevance. These studies of defensins in the innate immune system have implications for the prevention and treatment of a variety of infectious diseases, including bacterial ocular disease.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Vladimir N. Uversky: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 December 2013
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: e83044
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing,Jiangsu, China
                [2 ]Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
                [3 ]State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
                University of South Florida College of Medicine, United States of America
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: MR RL. Performed the experiments: PM SY CS KJ. Analyzed the data: MR RL. Wrote the paper: MR RL.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-13-37122
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083044
                PMC ID: 3875428
                PubMed ID: 24386139
                SO-VID: 0b2a13ae-38a5-44d5-9bfe-103ec005ef39
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2013
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 14 August 2013
                Date accepted : 5 November 2013
                Page count
                Pages: 5
                Funding
                This work was supported by Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (30830021, 31025025, 31070701, 31000960, 31025025, U1132601, 31200590), the Ministry of Science and Technology (2010CB529800, 2011ZX09102-002-10), Yunnan Province (2011CI139, 2012BC009,2013FB072), Jiangsu Province (BK2012365, BE2012748). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology
                Subject: Anatomy and Physiology
                Subject: Skin
                Subject: Biochemistry
                Subject: Proteins
                Subject: Defense Proteins
                Subject: Proteomics
                Subject: Zoology
                Subject: Animal Phylogenetics
                Subject: Medicine
                Subject: Drugs and Devices
                Subject: Drug Research and Development
                Subject: Drug Discovery
                Subject: Veterinary Science
                Subject: Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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