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      Pectin/PVA and pectin-MgO/PVA films: Preparation, characterization and biodegradation studies

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          Abstract

          There is a great demand to replace non-renewable materials with eco-friendly renewable materials for many applications in recent times. In the present study, such an attempt was made to substitute synthetic polymer-based films used for food packaging applications with films prepared out of renewable materials derived from waste. The pectin/polyvinyl alcohol (PP) and pectin-MgO/polyvinyl alcohol (PMP) films were prepared and characterized to ascertain their suitability for packaging applications. To improve the mechanical strength and thermal stability of films, MgO nanoparticles were incorporated in situ into the polymer matrix. The pectin used in the study was extracted from citrus fruit peel. The prepared nanocomposite films were evaluated for physico-mechanical properties, water contact angle, thermal stability, crystallinity, morphology, compositional purity and biodegradability. The elongation at break for PP film was 42.24% and for PMP film it was 39.18%. Also, the ultimate modulus in terms of MPa for PP film was 6.8 and for PMP it was 7.9. So, it was found that PMP films have better ductility and modulus than PP films due to the presence of MgO nanoparticles. The spectral studies confirmed the compositional purity of the prepared films. The biodegradation studies revealed that both films could be degraded at ambient conditions at appreciable time span, suggesting them to be a better choice as an environmentally friendly food packaging material.

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          Biological degradation of plastics: a comprehensive review.

          Aamer Ali Shah, Fariha Hasan, Abdul Hameed … (2008)
          Lack of degradability and the closing of landfill sites as well as growing water and land pollution problems have led to concern about plastics. With the excessive use of plastics and increasing pressure being placed on capacities available for plastic waste disposal, the need for biodegradable plastics and biodegradation of plastic wastes has assumed increasing importance in the last few years. Awareness of the waste problem and its impact on the environment has awakened new interest in the area of degradable polymers. The interest in environmental issues is growing and there are increasing demands to develop material which do not burden the environment significantly. Biodegradation is necessary for water-soluble or water-immiscible polymers because they eventually enter streams which can neither be recycled nor incinerated. It is important to consider the microbial degradation of natural and synthetic polymers in order to understand what is necessary for biodegradation and the mechanisms involved. This requires understanding of the interactions between materials and microorganisms and the biochemical changes involved. Widespread studies on the biodegradation of plastics have been carried out in order to overcome the environmental problems associated with synthetic plastic waste. This paper reviews the current research on the biodegradation of biodegradable and also the conventional synthetic plastics and also use of various techniques for the analysis of degradation in vitro.
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            Chemistry and uses of pectin--a review.

            Avtar Singh, Swati Thakur, A Handa (1997)
            Pectin is an important polysaccharide with applications in foods, pharmaceuticals, and a number of other industries. Its importance in the food sector lies in its ability to form gel in the presence of Ca2+ ions or a solute at low pH. Although the exact mechanism of gel formation is not clear, significant progress has been made in this direction. Depending on the pectin, coordinate bonding with Ca2+ ions or hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions are involved in gel formation. In low-methoxyl pectin, gelation results from ionic linkage via calcium bridges between two carboxyl groups belonging to two different chains in close contact with each other. In high-methoxyl pectin, the cross-linking of pectin molecules involves a combination of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions between the molecules. A number of factors--pH, presence of other solutes, molecular size, degree of methoxylation, number and arrangement of side chains, and charge density on the molecule--influence the gelation of pectin. In the food industry, pectin is used in jams, jellies, frozen foods, and more recently in low-calorie foods as a fat and/or sugar replacer. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used to reduce blood cholesterol levels and gastrointestinal disorders. Other applications of pectin include use in edible films, paper substitute, foams and plasticizers, etc. In addition to pectolytic degradation, pectins are susceptible to heat degradation during processing, and the degradation is influenced by the nature of the ions and salts present in the system. Although present in the cell walls of most plants apple pomace and orange peel are the two major sources of commercial pectin due to the poor gelling behavior of pectin from other sources. This paper briefly describes the structure, chemistry of gelation, interactions, and industrial applications soft pectin.
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              Review of the oral toxicity of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).

              C.C DeMerlis, D.R Schoneker (2003)
              Polyvinyl alcohols (PVA) (CAS no. 9002-89-5) are synthetic polymers used in a wide range of industrial, commercial, medical and food applications. The purpose of this review, this critical evaluation of the available information on PVA, is to support the safety of PVA as a coating agent for pharmaceutical and dietary supplement products. All the available information on PVA gleaned from a comprehensive search of the scientific literature were critically evaluated. Orally administered PVA is relatively harmless. The safety of PVA is based on the following: (1) the acute oral toxicity of PVA is very low, with LD(50)s in the range of 15-20 g/kg; (2) orally administered PVA is very poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; (3) PVA does not accumulate in the body when administered orally; (4) PVA is not mutagenic or clastogenic; and (5) NOAELs of orally administered PVA in male and female rats were 5000 mg/kg body weight/day in the 90-day dietary study and 5000 mg/kg body weight/day in the two-generation reproduction study, which was the highest dose tested. A critical evaluation of the existing information on PVA supports its safety for use as a coating agent for pharmaceutical and dietary supplement products.
              Article 0 comments Cited 143 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Bindya S
                Chandan Shivamallu
                Shiva Prasad Kollur
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Heliyon
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Heliyon
                Title: Heliyon
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2405-8440
                Publication date PMC-release: 26 April 2023
                Publication date Collection: May 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 April 2023
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: e15792
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Chemistry, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, JSS Science and Technology University, Mysuru - 570 006, Karnataka, India
                [b ]Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, JSS Science and Technology University, Mysuru - 570 006, Karnataka, India
                [c ]Centre for Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
                [d ]Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
                [e ]Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai - 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
                [f ]Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5606, USA
                [g ]Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Myuru-570015, Karnataka, India
                [h ]Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
                [i ]Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha 442107, India
                [j ]School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru Campus, Mysuru - 570 026, Karnataka, India
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. shivachemist@ 123456gmail.com
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author. bindyas@ 123456jssstuniv.in
                [∗∗∗ ]Corresponding author. chandans@ 123456jssuni.edu.in
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2405-8440(23)02999-7 Publisher ID: e15792
                DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15792
                PMC ID: 10173609
                SO-VID: 08e1d455-4d92-478f-a2c2-99e81fcb314f
                Copyright © © 2023 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 5 February 2023
                Date revision received : 13 April 2023
                Date accepted : 21 April 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Keywords: pectin-mgo/pva,eco-friendly,citrus fruit peel,biodegradation,food packaging
                Data availability:
                Keywords: pectin-mgo/pva, eco-friendly, citrus fruit peel, biodegradation, food packaging

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