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      FIFA Women's World Cup 2011: Pre-Competition Medical Assessment of female referees and assistant referees

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          Abstract

          Background

          Precompetition screening was implemented for male referees during the 2010 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Word Cup. In contrast, female football referees have been neglected in this respect although they experience similar physical work loads compared to male referees.

          Methods

          The standardised football-specific Pre-Competition Medical Assessment (PCMA) was performed in 51 referees and assistant referees selected for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.

          Results

          Family history for sudden cardiac death (SCD) was positive in four referees (7.8%), but cardiac examinations did not reveal any pathological findings. Training-unrelated ECG changes were identified in three referees (5.9%), all without correlates in echocardiography or clinical examination. Most common echocardiography findings (66.6%, n=34) were asymptomatic tricuspid and mitral regurgitations.

          Conclusions

          During the present screening, no elite female referee was identified being at risk for SCD, and no referee had to be excluded from participating in the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.

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          Drug-induced hypertension: an unappreciated cause of secondary hypertension.

          Ehud Grossman, Franz Messerli (2012)
          A myriad variety of therapeutic agents or chemical substances can induce either a transient or persistent increase in blood pressure, or interfere with the blood pressure-lowering effects of antihypertensive drugs. Some agents cause either sodium retention or extracellular volume expansion, or activate directly or indirectly the sympathetic nervous system. Other substances act directly on arteriolar smooth muscle or do not have a defined mechanism of action. Some medications that usually lower blood pressure may paradoxically increase blood pressure, or an increase in pressure may be encountered after their discontinuation. In general, drug-induced pressure increases are small and transient: however, severe hypertension involving encephalopathy, stroke, and irreversible renal failure have been reported. The deleterious effect of therapeutic agents is more pronounced in patients with preexisting hypertension, in those with renal failure, and in the elderly. Careful evaluation of a patient's drug regimen may identify chemically induced hypertension and obviate unnecessary evaluation and facilitate antihypertensive therapy. Once chemical-induced hypertension has been identified, discontinuation of the causative agent is recommended, although hypertension can often be managed by specific therapy and dose adjustment if continued use of the offending agent is mandatory. The present review summarizes the therapeutic agents or chemical substances that elevate blood pressure and their mechanisms of action. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
          Article 0 comments Cited 27 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Precompetition medical assessment of referees and assistant referees selected for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

            Christian Schmied, Astrid Junge, Mario Bizzini … (2012)
            Several proposals for preparticipation screening to detect risk factors for sudden cardiac death in sports have been published, but referees have been neglected in this respect. A standardised precompetition medical assessment (comprising a general physical, orthopaedic and cardiac examination and blood analysis) was performed in all 90 referees and assistant referees selected for the 2010 Fédération Internationale de Football Association World Cup. More than a third of the referees showed at least one pathological finding in cardiac examinations; however, all follow-up examinations proved to be normal. The relatively high prevalence of pathological findings in the blood analysis and the orthopaedic examination can be attributed to the average age of the referees and none of them was performance limiting. Considering their risk of occult ischaemic heart disease, a precompetition medical assessment including an exercise ECG is recommended in elite male football referees.
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              Incidence of exercise-induced asthma in adolescent athletes under different training and environmental conditions.

              E Fotiadou, Dimitrios Kokaridas, M Sidiropoulou … (2012)
              The aim of this study was to establish if there were differences in the incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm between athletes in different sports, which take place under different environmental conditions such as open places, closed courses, and swimming pools with similar exercise intensity (football, basketball, water polo) using the free running test. The study included 90 adolescents (3 groups of 30) aged 14-18 years recruited from academies in northern Greece. All the participants were initially subjected to (a) a clinical examination and cardiorespiratory assessment by a physician and (b) free running test of a 6-minute duration and measurement with a microspirometer of the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁). Only the participants who had measured a decrease in FEV₁ ≥ 10% were reevaluated with the microspirometer during a training session. The examination of all the participants during the free running test showed that 22 athletes, that is, 9, 8, and 5 of football, basketball, and water polo athletes, respectively, demonstrated an FEV₁ ≥ 10 drop. Reevaluation of the 22 participants during training showed that 5 out 9 (55%) football athletes, 4 out of 8 basketball athletes (50%), and none of the 5 athletes of the water polo team displayed a drop of FEV₁ ≥ 10%. Despite the absence of any significant statistical differences between the 3 groups, the analysis of variances did show a trend of a lower incidence of EIA in the water polo athletes. It was found that a football or basketball game can induce EIA in young athletes but to a lesser degree than the free running test can induce. The water polo can be a safer sport even for participants with a medical history of asthma or allergies.
              Article 0 comments Cited 4 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Br J Sports Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Br J Sports Med
                Journal ID (hwp): bjsports
                Journal ID (publisher-id): bjsm
                Title: British Journal of Sports Medicine
                Publisher: BMJ Group (BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR )
                ISSN (Print): 0306-3674
                ISSN (Electronic): 1473-0480
                Publication date (Print): February 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 September 2012
                Volume: 47
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 179-181
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Cardiology Department, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
                [2 ]Spinal cord injury center, University Hospital Balgrist, Zürich, Switzerland
                [3 ]FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC) and Schulthess Clinic, Zürich, Switzerland
                [4 ]Neurology Department, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
                [5 ]Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and Schulthess Clinic, Zürich, Switzerland
                Author notes
                [Correspondence to ] Dr Dagmar I Keller, Cardiology Department, University Hospital Zuerich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland; dagmar.keller@ 123456usz.ch
                Article
                Publisher ID: bjsports-2012-091436
                DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091436
                PMC ID: 3551197
                PubMed ID: 22976906
                SO-VID: 06f11747-42d4-4af8-969c-cfb0e3592b27
                Copyright © Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/legalcode

                History
                Date received : 4 June 2012
                Date revision received : 15 August 2012
                Date accepted : 17 August 2012
                Categories
                Subject: 1506
                Subject: Short Reports
                Custom metadata
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Sports medicine
                Keywords: cardiology,cardiology prevention,cardiovascular,women in sport
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Sports medicine
                Keywords: cardiology, cardiology prevention, cardiovascular, women in sport

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