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      Racial and regional inequality in the temporal trend of stunting and excess weight in Brazilian children under five years of age Translated title: Desigualdade racial e regional na tendência temporal do déficit de estatura e excesso de peso de crianças brasileiras menores de cinco anos

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          ABSTRACT

          Objective:

          To analyze the occurrence of racial and regional inequality in the temporal trend of the prevalence of stunting and overweight in Brazilian children under five years of age over the years 2008–2018.

          Methods:

          An ecological time-series study with data from the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System on the prevalence of stunting and overweight in children under five years old according to race/skin color, region, and year. To assess differences between median prevalence per year of outcomes, the Kruskal-Wallis test was performed. Linear regression analyses were proposed to assess trends in the prevalence of outcomes over the years.

          Results:

          In Brazil, black children tended to be overweight (β=4.611; p=0.042). Among black children, there was an increase over the years in stunting in the Southeast (β=3.960; p=0.014) and a decrease in the South (β=-4.654; p=0.022). In Brazil and in most regions, the median prevalence of stunting was higher in black children than in white ones (12.86 vs. 11.54%, p<0.001). In the Southeast and South, black children also had the highest prevalence of overweight (15.48 and 15.99%, respectively).

          Conclusion:

          Children from less developed regions of Brazil and of black skin color/race were more vulnerable to a double burden of malnutrition.

          RESUMO

          Objetivo:

          Analisar a ocorrência de desigualdade racial e regional na tendência temporal das prevalências de déficit de estatura e excesso de peso de crianças brasileiras menores de cinco anos ao longo dos anos de 2008–2018.

          Métodos:

          Estudo ecológico de série temporal com dados do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional das prevalências de déficit de estatura e excesso de peso em crianças menores de 5 anos de acordo com raça/cor, região e ano. Para avaliar diferenças entre prevalências medianas por ano dos desfechos, realizou-se teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Análises de regressão linear foram propostas para avaliar tendências das prevalências dos desfechos ao longo dos anos.

          Resultados:

          No Brasil, as crianças pretas apresentaram tendência de crescimento do excesso de peso (β=4,611; p=0,042). Entre as crianças pretas, houve aumento ao longo dos anos do déficit de estatura no Sudeste (β=3,960; p=0,014) e queda no Sul (β=-4,654; p=0,022). No Brasil e na maioria das regiões, a prevalência mediana do déficit de estatura foi maior nas crianças pretas do que nas brancas (12,86 vs. 11,54%, p<0,001). No Sudeste e Sul, as crianças pretas também apresentaram as maiores prevalências de excesso de peso (15,48 e 15,99%, respectivamente).

          Conclusão:

          Crianças de regiões menos desenvolvidas do Brasil e pretas apresentaram maior vulnerabilidade para dupla carga de má nutrição.

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          Most cited references49

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          The obesity epidemic in the United States--gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.

          This review of the obesity epidemic provides a comprehensive description of the current situation, time trends, and disparities across gender, age, socioeconomic status, racial/ethnic groups, and geographic regions in the United States based on national data. The authors searched studies published between 1990 and 2006. Adult overweight and obesity were defined by using body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) cutpoints of 25 and 30, respectively; childhood "at risk for overweight" and overweight were defined as the 85th and 95th percentiles of body mass index. Average annual increase in and future projections for prevalence were estimated by using linear regression models. Among adults, obesity prevalence increased from 13% to 32% between the 1960s and 2004. Currently, 66% of adults are overweight or obese; 16% of children and adolescents are overweight and 34% are at risk of overweight. Minority and low-socioeconomic-status groups are disproportionately affected at all ages. Annual increases in prevalence ranged from 0.3 to 0.9 percentage points across groups. By 2015, 75% of adults will be overweight or obese, and 41% will be obese. In conclusion, obesity has increased at an alarming rate in the United States over the past three decades. The associations of obesity with gender, age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are complex and dynamic. Related population-based programs and policies are needed.
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            Prevalence of Obesity and Severe Obesity in US Children, 1999–2016

            To provide updated prevalence data on obesity trends among US children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years from a nationally representative sample.
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              • Article: not found

              Trends in Obesity Prevalence Among Children and Adolescents in the United States, 1988-1994 Through 2013-2014.

              Previous analyses of obesity trends among children and adolescents showed an increase between 1988-1994 and 1999-2000, but no change between 2003-2004 and 2011-2012, except for a significant decline among children aged 2 to 5 years.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Análise formalRole: Curadoria de dadosRole: Escrita – primeira redaçãoRole: Escrita – revisão e ediçãoRole: InvestigaçãoRole: MetodologiaRole: SoftwareRole: Visualização
                Role: ConceituaçãoRole: Curadoria de dadosRole: Escrita – primeira redaçãoRole: Escrita – revisão e ediçãoRole: Visualização
                Role: Escrita – revisão e ediçãoRole: InvestigaçãoRole: ValidaçãoRole: Visualização
                Role: Escrita – revisão e ediçãoRole: InvestigaçãoRole: ValidaçãoRole: Visualização
                Role: Escrita – revisão e ediçãoRole: InvestigaçãoRole: ValidaçãoRole: Visualização
                Role: Administração do projetoRole: Análise formalRole: Escrita – primeira redaçãoRole: Escrita – revisão e ediçãoRole: InvestigaçãoRole: MetodologiaRole: ValidaçãoRole: Visualização
                Role: Administração do projetoRole: Análise formalRole: ConceituaçãoRole: Escrita – primeira redaçãoRole: Escrita – revisão e ediçãoRole: InvestigaçãoRole: MetodologiaRole: SupervisãoRole: ValidaçãoRole: Visualização
                Journal
                Rev Bras Epidemiol
                Rev Bras Epidemiol
                rbepid
                Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia (Brazilian Journal of Epidemiology)
                Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva
                1415-790X
                1980-5497
                09 January 2023
                2023
                : 26
                : e230004
                Affiliations
                [I ]Universidade Federal do Maranhão – São Luís (MA), Brasil.
                [II ]Universidade Federal do Piauí – Teresina (PI), Brasil.
                Author notes
                AUTOR PARA CORRESPONDÊNCIA: Poliana Cristina de Almeida Fonseca Viola. Rua Doutor Epifánio Carvalho, 1391, Bairro Ininga, CEP: 64049-550, Teresina (PI), Brasil. E-mail: polianafonseca@ 123456ufpi.edu.br

                CONFLITO DE INTERESSES: nada a declarar

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5271-7412
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3842-3223
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-9208
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6889-5785
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0239-6662
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7900-4642
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8875-5154
                Article
                00405
                10.1590/1980-549720230004
                9838232
                36629616
                06ef5897-2ceb-4382-8094-d76a71a0f1d2

                Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons

                History
                : 16 August 2022
                : 04 October 2022
                : 10 October 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 8, References: 43
                Categories
                Artigo Original

                malnutrition,overweight,obesity,racism,food and nutritional surveillance,time series studies,desnutrição,sobrepeso,obesidade,desigualdade racial em saúde,vigilância alimentar e nutricional,estudos de séries temporais

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