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      Optimizing Differentiated HIV Treatment Models in Urban Zimbabwe: Assessing Patient Preferences Using a Discrete Choice Experiment

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          Abstract

          Differentiated service delivery holds great promise for streamlining the delivery of health services for HIV. This study used a discrete choice experiment to assess preferences for differentiated HIV treatment delivery model characteristics among 500 virally suppressed adults on antiretroviral therapy in Harare, Zimbabwe. Treatment model characteristics included location, consultation type, healthcare worker cadre, operation times, visit frequency and duration, and cost. A mixed effects logit model was used for parameter estimates to identify potential preference heterogeneity among participants, and interaction effects were estimated for sex and age as potential sources of divergence in preferences. Results indicated that participants preferred health facility-based services, less frequent visits, individual consultations, shorter waiting times, lower cost and, delivered by respectful and understanding healthcare workers. Some preference heterogeneity was found, particularly for location of service delivery and group vs. individual models; however, this was not fully explained by sex and age characteristics of participants. In urban areas, facility-based models, such as the Fast Track model requiring less frequent clinic visits, are likely to better align with patient preferences than some of the other community-based or group models that have been implemented. As Zimbabwe scales up differentiated treatment models for stable patients, a clear understanding of patient preferences can help in designing services that will ensure optimal utilization and improve the efficiency of service delivery.

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          The online version of this article (10.1007/s10461-020-02994-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

          Resumen

          La entrega de servicios diferenciados representa una gran promesa para optimizar la prestación de servicios sanitarios para el VIH. Este estudio utilizó un experimento de elecciones discretas para evaluar las preferencias en cuanto a las características de los modelos diferenciados de prestación de tratamiento para el VIH entre 500 adultos con supresión viral bajo tratamiento antirretroviral en Harare, Zimbabue. Las características de los modelos de tratamientos incluyeron el lugar, el tipo de consulta, la estructura en la que estaba inserto el trabajador sanitario, los tiempos operativos, la frecuencia y duración de las visitas y los costos. Se utilizó un modelo de probabilidad de efectos mixtos para las estimaciones de los parámetros para identificar una posible heterogeneidad en las preferencias entre los participantes, y se estimaron los efectos de las interacciones por el sexo y la edad como fuentes potenciales de diferencia en las preferencias. Los resultados indicaron que los participantes preferían servicios basados en centros de salud, visitas menos frecuentes, consultas individuales, tiempos de espera más cortos y menores costos, proporcionados por trabajadores sanitarios respetuosos y comprensivos. Se hallaron algunas heterogeneidades en las preferencias, particularmente para el lugar de la prestación del servicio y para los modelos grupales frente a individuales; sin embargo, esto no se explicó totalmente por las características de sexo y edad de los participantes. En áreas urbanas, los modelos basados en los centros, como el modelo de atención rápida (Fast Track), que requieren visitas menos frecuentes a la clínica, probablemente concuerden mejor con las preferencias de los pacientes que los otros modelos grupales o comunitarios que se han propuesto. A medida que en Zimbabue se amplíen los modelos de tratamiento diferenciado para los pacientes estables, un claro conocimiento de las preferencias de los pacientes puede ayudar a diseñar servicios que garantizarán una utilización óptima y mejorarán la eficiencia de la prestación de servicios.

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          Discrete choice experiments in health economics: a review of the literature.

          Discrete choice experiments (DCEs) have become a commonly used instrument in health economics. This paper updates a review of published papers between 1990 and 2000 for the years 2001-2008. Based on this previous review, and a number of other key review papers, focus is given to three issues: experimental design; estimation procedures; and validity of responses. Consideration is also given to how DCEs are applied and reported. We identified 114 DCEs, covering a wide range of policy questions. Applications took place in a broader range of health-care systems, and there has been a move to incorporating fewer attributes, more choices and interview-based surveys. There has also been a shift towards statistically more efficient designs and flexible econometric models. The reporting of monetary values continues to be popular, the use of utility scores has not gained popularity, and there has been an increasing use of odds ratios and probabilities. The latter are likely to be useful at the policy level to investigate take-up and acceptability of new interventions. Incorporation of interactions terms in the design and analysis of DCEs, explanations of risk, tests of external validity and incorporation of DCE results into a decision-making framework remain important areas for future research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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            Discrete choice experiments in health economics: a review of the literature.

            Discrete choice experiments (DCEs) are increasingly used in health economics to address a wide range of health policy-related concerns.
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              Conducting Discrete Choice Experiments to Inform Healthcare Decision Making

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                watsupmike@gmail.com
                Journal
                AIDS Behav
                AIDS Behav
                AIDS and Behavior
                Springer US (New York )
                1090-7165
                1573-3254
                18 August 2020
                18 August 2020
                2021
                : 25
                : 2
                : 397-413
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.16463.36, ISNI 0000 0001 0723 4123, Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division (HEARD), , University of KwaZulu Natal, ; Durban, South Africa
                [2 ]GRID grid.413734.6, ISNI 0000 0000 8499 1112, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Gender, Sexuality and Health, , The New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, ; New York, NY USA
                [3 ]ICAP at Columbia University, Harare, Zimbabwe
                [4 ]GRID grid.254514.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2174 1885, Health Studies Program, Center for Interdisciplinary Studies, , College of the Holy Cross, ; Worcester, MA USA
                [5 ]GRID grid.21729.3f, ISNI 0000000419368729, ICAP at Columbia University, ; New York, NY USA
                [6 ]GRID grid.21729.3f, ISNI 0000000419368729, Department of Epidemiology, , Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, ; New York, NY USA
                [7 ]ICAP at Columbia University, Pretoria, South Africa
                [8 ]GRID grid.454842.b, ISNI 0000 0004 0405 7557, Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), ; Rockville, MD USA
                [9 ]GRID grid.415818.1, HIV/AIDS and STIs Unit, , Ministry of Health and Child Care, ; Harare, Zimbabwe
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7849-8812
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0748-5974
                Article
                2994
                10.1007/s10461-020-02994-z
                7846512
                32812124
                05e2564b-631e-4a88-a756-5ac94c6451d0
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000102, Health Resources and Services Administration;
                Award ID: UJ7HA31180
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000025, National Institute of Mental Health;
                Award ID: P30-MH43520
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Original Paper
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                hiv treatment,discrete choice experiment,differentiated service delivery,zimbabwe,urban,tratamiento del vih,experimento de elecciones discretas,prestación de servicios diferenciados,zimbabue,urbano

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