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      Canadian Airway Focus Group updated consensus-based recommendations for management of the difficult airway: part 2. Planning and implementing safe management of the patient with an anticipated difficult airway Translated title: Mise à jour des Lignes directrices consensuelles pour la prise en charge des voies aériennes difficiles du Canadian Airway Focus Group : 2 ème partie. Planification et mise en œuvre d’une prise en charge sécuritaire du patient présentant des voies respiratoires difficiles anticipées

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          Since the last Canadian Airway Focus Group (CAFG) guidelines were published in 2013, the published airway management literature has expanded substantially. The CAFG therefore re-convened to examine this literature and update practice recommendations. This second of two articles addresses airway evaluation, decision-making, and safe implementation of an airway management strategy when difficulty is anticipated.

          Source

          Canadian Airway Focus Group members, including anesthesia, emergency medicine, and critical care physicians were assigned topics to search. Searches were run in the Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and CINAHL databases. Results were presented to the group and discussed during video conferences every two weeks from April 2018 to July 2020. These CAFG recommendations are based on the best available published evidence. Where high-quality evidence is lacking, statements are based on group consensus.

          Findings and key recommendations

          Prior to airway management, a documented strategy should be formulated for every patient, based on airway evaluation. Bedside examination should seek predictors of difficulty with face-mask ventilation (FMV), tracheal intubation using video- or direct laryngoscopy (VL or DL), supraglottic airway use, as well as emergency front of neck airway access. Patient physiology and contextual issues should also be assessed. Predicted difficulty should prompt careful decision-making on how most safely to proceed with airway management. Awake tracheal intubation may provide an extra margin of safety when impossible VL or DL is predicted, when difficulty is predicted with more than one mode of airway management (e.g., tracheal intubation and FMV), or when predicted difficulty coincides with significant physiologic or contextual issues. If managing the patient after the induction of general anesthesia despite predicted difficulty, team briefing should include triggers for moving from one technique to the next, expert assistance should be sourced, and required equipment should be present. Unanticipated difficulty with airway management can always occur, so the airway manager should have a strategy for difficulty occurring in every patient, and the institution must make difficult airway equipment readily available. Tracheal extubation of the at-risk patient must also be carefully planned, including assessment of the patient’s tolerance for withdrawal of airway support and whether re-intubation might be difficult.

          Résumé

          Objectif

          Depuis la dernière publication des lignes directrices du Canadian Airway Focus Group (CAFG) en 2013, la littérature sur la prise en charge des voies aériennes s’est considérablement étoffée. Le CAFG s’est donc réuni à nouveau pour examiner la littérature et mettre à jour ses recommandations de pratique. Ce deuxième article traite de l’évaluation des voies aériennes, de la prise de décision et de la mise en œuvre sécuritaire d’une stratégie de prise en charge des voies aériennes lorsque des difficultés sont anticipées.

          Sources

          Des sujets de recherche ont été assignés aux membres du Canadian Airway Focus Group, qui compte des médecins anesthésistes, urgentologues et intensivistes. Les recherches ont été réalisées dans les bases de données Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials et CINAHL. Les résultats ont été présentés au groupe et discutés lors de vidéoconférences toutes les deux semaines entre avril 2018 et juillet 2020. Les recommandations du CAFG sont fondées sur les meilleures données probantes publiées. Si les données probantes de haute qualité manquaient, les énoncés se fondent alors sur le consensus du groupe.

          Constatations et recommandations clés

          Avant d’amorcer la prise en charge des voies aériennes, une stratégie documentée devrait être formulée pour chaque patient, en fonction de l’évaluation de ses voies aériennes. L’examen au chevet devrait rechercher les prédicteurs de difficultés pour la ventilation au masque, l’intubation trachéale utilisant la vidéolaryngoscopie ou la laryngoscopie directe, l’utilisation d’un dispositif supraglottique, ainsi que pour la cricothyroïdotomie d’urgence. La physiologie du patient et ses problématiques contextuelles devraient également être évaluées. Les difficultés anticipées devraient inciter à prendre des décisions éclairées sur la façon la plus sécuritaire de procéder à la prise en charge des voies aériennes. L’intubation trachéale éveillée peut procurer une marge de sécurité supplémentaire lorsqu’on s’attend à ce que la vidéolaryngoscopie ou la laryngoscopie directe soient impossibles, lorsqu’on prévoit des difficultés pour plus d’un mode de prise en charge des voies aériennes (p. ex., intubation trachéale et ventilation au masque), ou lorsque la difficulté prévue coïncide avec des problèmes physiologiques ou contextuels importants. En cas de choix de prise en charge des voies respiratoires du patient après induction de l’anesthésie générale malgré les difficultés prévues, les directives à l’équipe devraient inclure les déclencheurs pour passer d’une technique à l’autre, l’aide d’experts disponibles et l’équipement requis disponible. Des difficultés imprévues lors de la prise en charge des voies aériennes peuvent toujours survenir, de sorte que la personne responsable de la prise en charge des voies aériennes devrait avoir une stratégie pour chaque patient, et l’établissement doit rendre facilement disponible le matériel pour la prise en charge des voies aériennes difficiles. L’extubation trachéale du patient à risque doit également être soigneusement planifiée, y compris l’évaluation de la tolérance du patient lors du retrait du dispositif de soutien des voies aériennes et d’une ré-intubation potentiellement difficile.

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          Severe Covid-19

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            Practical recommendations for critical care and anesthesiology teams caring for novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) patients

            A global health emergency has been declared by the World Health Organization as the 2019-nCoV outbreak spreads across the world, with confirmed patients in Canada. Patients infected with 2019-nCoV are at risk for developing respiratory failure and requiring admission to critical care units. While providing optimal treatment for these patients, careful execution of infection control measures is necessary to prevent nosocomial transmission to other patients and to healthcare workers providing care. Although the exact mechanisms of transmission are currently unclear, human-to-human transmission can occur, and the risk of airborne spread during aerosol-generating medical procedures remains a concern in specific circumstances. This paper summarizes important considerations regarding patient screening, environmental controls, personal protective equipment, resuscitation measures (including intubation), and critical care unit operations planning as we prepare for the possibility of new imported cases or local outbreaks of 2019-nCoV. Although understanding of the 2019-nCoV virus is evolving, lessons learned from prior infectious disease challenges such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome will hopefully improve our state of readiness regardless of the number of cases we eventually manage in Canada.
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              Consensus guidelines for managing the airway in patients with COVID ‐19

              Summary Severe acute respiratory syndrome‐corona virus‐2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), is highly contagious. Airway management of patients with COVID‐19 is high risk to staff and patients. We aimed to develop principles for airway management of patients with COVID‐19 to encourage safe, accurate and swift performance. This consensus statement has been brought together at short notice to advise on airway management for patients with COVID‐19, drawing on published literature and immediately available information from clinicians and experts. Recommendations on the prevention of contamination of healthcare workers, the choice of staff involved in airway management, the training required and the selection of equipment are discussed. The fundamental principles of airway management in these settings are described for: emergency tracheal intubation; predicted or unexpected difficult tracheal intubation; cardiac arrest; anaesthetic care; and tracheal extubation. We provide figures to support clinicians in safe airway management of patients with COVID‐19. The advice in this document is designed to be adapted in line with local workplace policies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                jlaw@dal.ca
                Journal
                Can J Anaesth
                Can J Anaesth
                Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia
                Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                0832-610X
                1496-8975
                8 June 2021
                8 June 2021
                : 1-32
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.55602.34, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8200, Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre, , Dalhousie University, ; Halifax Infirmary Site, 1796 Summer Street, Room 5452, Halifax, NS B3H 3A7 Canada
                [2 ]GRID grid.28046.38, ISNI 0000 0001 2182 2255, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, , University of Ottawa, ; Room B307, 1053 Carling Avenue, Mail Stop 249, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9 Canada
                [3 ]GRID grid.23856.3a, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8390, Département d’anesthésiologie et de soins intensifs, , Université Laval, ; 2325 rue de l’Université, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
                [4 ]GRID grid.411081.d, ISNI 0000 0000 9471 1794, Département d’anesthésie du CHU de Québec, , Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, ; 1401 18e rue, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4 Canada
                [5 ]GRID grid.9654.e, ISNI 0000 0004 0372 3343, Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, , University of Auckland, ; Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
                [6 ]GRID grid.28046.38, ISNI 0000 0001 2182 2255, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, , University of Ottawa, ; Suite CCW1401, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6 Canada
                [7 ]GRID grid.1055.1, ISNI 0000000403978434, Department of Anaesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, ; Melbourne, Australia
                [8 ]GRID grid.55602.34, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8200, Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre, , Dalhousie University, ; 1796 Summer Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3A7 Canada
                [9 ]GRID grid.39381.30, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8884, Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, , University of Western Ontario, ; 339 Windermere Rd., LHSC- University Hospital, London, ON N6A 5A5 Canada
                [10 ]GRID grid.55602.34, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8200, Department of Emergency Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre, , Dalhousie University, ; 1796 Summer Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3A7 Canada
                [11 ]GRID grid.411081.d, ISNI 0000 0000 9471 1794, Département d’anesthésiologie, , CHU de Québec – Université Laval, ; Hôtel-Dieu de Québec. 11, Côte du Palais, Québec, QC G1R 2J6 Canada
                [12 ]GRID grid.39381.30, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8884, Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, , University of Western Ontario, ; 339 Windermere Road, LHSC- University Hospital, London, ON N6A 5A5 Canada
                [13 ]GRID grid.17063.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2157 2938, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, , University of Toronto and Toronto General Hospital, ; Toronto, ON Canada
                [14 ]GRID grid.17063.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2157 2938, Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, , University of Toronto, ; EN 442 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada
                [15 ]GRID grid.413264.6, ISNI 0000 0000 9878 6515, Department of Anesthesia, , BC Women’s Hospital, ; 4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1 Canada
                [16 ]GRID grid.25055.37, ISNI 0000 0000 9130 6822, Discipline of Anesthesia, St. Clare’s Mercy Hospital, , Memorial University of Newfoundland, ; 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John’s, NF A1B V6 Canada
                [17 ]GRID grid.17063.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2157 2938, Department of Anesthesia, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, , University of Toronto, ; 399 Bathurst St., Toronto, ON M5T2S8 Canada
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3916-3918
                Article
                2008
                10.1007/s12630-021-02008-z
                8186352
                34105065
                05de9558-40df-4aa0-b05e-34d7e3db4651
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

                History
                : 19 October 2020
                : 11 March 2021
                : 14 March 2021
                Categories
                Special Article

                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                guidelines,airway management,anticipated,difficult,intubation,tracheal

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