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      A qualitative inquiry into pregnant women’s perceptions of respectful maternity care during childbirth in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria

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          Abstract

          Women’s perceptions of respectful maternity care (RMC) are critical to its definition and measurement globally. We evaluated these in relation to globally defined RMC norms. We conducted a descriptive study involving eight focus group discussions with 50 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at one primary and one secondary health facility each in the North-west and South-west local government areas of Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria. One focus group each with primigravidae and multiparas were held per facility between 21 and 25 October 2019. Shakibazadeh et al’s 12 domains of RMC served as the thematic framework for data analysis. The women’s perceptions of RMC resonated well with seven of its domains, emphasising provider-client inter-personal relationships, preserving their dignity, effective communication, and non-abandonment of care, but with mixed perceptions for two domains. However, their perceptions deviated for four domains, namely maintaining privacy and confidentiality; ensuring continuous access to family support such as birth companions; obtaining informed consent; and respecting women’s choices about mobility during labour, food and fluid intake, and birth position. The physical environment was not mentioned as contributing to an experience of RMC. Whilst the perceptions of the Nigerian women studied about RMC were similar to those accepted internationally, there were significant deviations which may be related to cultural differences and societal disparities. Different interpretations of RMC may influence women’s demand for such care in different settings and challenge strategies for promoting a universal standard of care.

          Résumé

          Les façons dont les femmes voient les soins de maternité respectueux est essentielle pour définir et mesurer ces soins dans le monde. Nous les avons évalués par rapport à des normes de soins de maternité respectueux définies au niveau mondial. Nous avons mené une étude descriptive comportant huit discussions par groupe d’intérêt avec 50 femmes enceintes fréquentant une consultation prénatale dans un centre de santé primaire et secondaire situés chacun dans les zones de gouvernement local du nord-ouest et du sud-ouest de la métropole d’Ibadan, Nigéria. Chaque centre a organisé un groupe de discussion avec des primipares et un autre avec des multipares. Les 12 domaines de soins de maternité respectueux de Shakibazadeh ont servi de cadre thématique pour l’analyse des données. La manière dont les femmes concevaient des soins de maternité respectueux cadrait bien avec sept de ses domaines: relations interpersonnelles prestataire-cliente, respect de la dignité des femmes, communication opérante, et non-abandon des soins, mais avec des sentiments nuancés dans deux domaines. Néanmoins, les façons de voir des femmes divergeaient pour quatre domaines, à savoir le maintien du respect de la vie privée et de la confidentialité; la garantie d’un accès permanent au soutien familial, avec par exemple l’accompagnement à la naissance; l’obtention d’un consentement éclairé; et le respect du choix des femmes quant à la mobilité pendant le travail, la prise d’aliments et de liquides, et la position lors de l’accouchement. L’environnement physique n’a pas été mentionné comme contribuant à une expérience de soins de maternité respectueux. Si la manière dont les Nigérianes conçoivent des soins de maternité respectueux était similaire aux approches acceptées au niveau international, des écarts importants ont été observés, qui peuvent être liés aux différences culturelles et aux disparités sociétales. Différentes interprétations des soins de maternité respectueux peuvent influencer la demande des femmes dans différents environnements et remettre en question les stratégies de promotion de ces soins comme norme universelle de traitement.

          Resumen

          Las percepciones de las mujeres sobre la atención respetuosa de la maternidad son fundamentales para su definición y medición a nivel mundial. Evaluamos esas percepciones con relación a las normas de la atención respetuosa de la maternidad definidas mundialmente. Realizamos un estudio descriptivo que consistió en ocho discusiones en grupos focales con 50 mujeres embarazadas que asistieron a una clínica prenatal en una unidad de salud de atención primaria y en otra de atención secundaria, en zonas gubernamentales locales del noroeste y sudeste de la Metrópolis de Ibadan, en Nigeria. En cada unidad de salud, se realizó un grupo focal con primigrávidas y otro con multigrávidas. Los 12 dominios de la atención respetuosa de la maternidad, por Shakibazadeh, sirvieron como marco temático para el análisis de datos. Las percepciones de las mujeres sobre la atención respetuosa de la maternidad resonaron bien con siete de los dominios, haciendo hincapié en las relaciones interpersonales entre prestadores de servicios y usuarias, preservación de su dignidad, comunicación eficaz y no abandono del cuidado, pero con percepciones mixtas para dos dominios. Sin embargo, sus percepciones se desviaron para cuatro dominios: mantener privacidad y confidencialidad; garantizar acceso continuo a apoyo familiar, tal como acompañantes durante el parto; obtener consentimiento informado; y respetar las decisiones de las mujeres sobre movilidad durante el trabajo de parto, ingesta de alimentos y líquidos, y posición de parto. El entorno físico no fue mencionado como contribuyente a la experiencia de atención respetuosa de la maternidad. Aunque las percepciones de las mujeres nigerianas estudiadas sobre la atención respetuosa de la maternidad fueron similares a aquellas aceptadas internacionalmente, hubo desviaciones significativas que podrían estar relacionadas con diferencias culturales y disparidades sociales. Diferentes interpretaciones de la atención respetuosa de la maternidad podrían influir en su demanda por las mujeres en diferentes entornos y cuestionar las estrategias para promoverla como estándar universal de atención.

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          How women are treated during facility-based childbirth in four countries: a cross-sectional study with labour observations and community-based surveys

          Summary Background Women across the world are mistreated during childbirth. We aimed to develop and implement evidence-informed, validated tools to measure mistreatment during childbirth, and report results from a cross-sectional study in four low-income and middle-income countries. Methods We prospectively recruited women aged at least 15 years in twelve health facilities (three per country) in Ghana, Guinea, Myanmar, and Nigeria between Sept 19, 2016, and Jan 18, 2018. Continuous observations of labour and childbirth were done from admission up to 2 h post partum. Surveys were administered by interviewers in the community to women up to 8 weeks post partum. Labour observations were not done in Myanmar. Data were collected on sociodemographics, obstetric history, and experiences of mistreatment. Findings 2016 labour observations and 2672 surveys were done. 838 (41·6%) of 2016 observed women and 945 (35·4%) of 2672 surveyed women experienced physical or verbal abuse, or stigma or discrimination. Physical and verbal abuse peaked 30 min before birth until 15 min after birth (observation). Many women did not consent for episiotomy (observation: 190 [75·1%] of 253; survey: 295 [56·1%] of 526) or caesarean section (observation: 35 [13·4%] of 261; survey: 52 [10·8%] of 483), despite receiving these procedures. 133 (5·0%) of 2672 women or their babies were detained in the facility because they were unable to pay the bill (survey). Younger age (15–19 years) and lack of education were the primary determinants of mistreatment (survey). For example, younger women with no education (odds ratio [OR] 3·6, 95% CI 1·6–8·0) and younger women with some education (OR 1·6, 1·1–2·3) were more likely to experience verbal abuse, compared with older women (≥30 years), adjusting for marital status and parity. Interpretation More than a third of women experienced mistreatment and were particularly vulnerable around the time of birth. Women who were younger and less educated were most at risk, suggesting inequalities in how women are treated during childbirth. Understanding drivers and structural dimensions of mistreatment, including gender and social inequalities, is essential to ensure that interventions adequately account for the broader context. Funding United States Agency for International Development and the UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, WHO.
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            Respectful care during childbirth in health facilities globally: a qualitative evidence synthesis

            Background What constitutes respectful maternity care (RMC) operationally in research and programme implementation is often variable. Objectives To develop a conceptualisation of RMC. Search strategy Key databases, including PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Global Health Library, grey literature, and reference lists of relevant studies. Selection criteria Primary qualitative studies focusing on care occurring during labour, childbirth, and/or immediately postpartum in health facilities, without any restrictions on locations or publication date. Data collection and analysis A combined inductive and deductive approach was used to synthesise the data; the GRADE CERQual approach was used to assess the level of confidence in review findings. Main results Sixty‐seven studies from 32 countries met our inclusion criteria. Twelve domains of RMC were synthesised: being free from harm and mistreatment; maintaining privacy and confidentiality; preserving women's dignity; prospective provision of information and seeking of informed consent; ensuring continuous access to family and community support; enhancing quality of physical environment and resources; providing equitable maternity care; engaging with effective communication; respecting women's choices that strengthen their capabilities to give birth; availability of competent and motivated human resources; provision of efficient and effective care; and continuity of care. Globally, women's perspectives of what constitutes RMC are quite consistent. Conclusions This review presents an evidence‐based typology of RMC in health facilities globally, and demonstrates that the concept is broader than a reduction of disrespectful care or mistreatment of women during childbirth. Innovative approaches should be developed and tested to integrate RMC as a routine component of quality maternal and newborn care programmes. Tweetable abstract Understanding respectful maternity care – synthesis of evidence from 67 qualitative studies.
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              Muslim Women’s use of contraception in the United States

              Background American Muslim women are an understudied population; thus, significant knowledge gaps exist related to their most basic health behaviors and indicators. Considering this, we examined American Muslim women’s contraception utilization patterns. Methods Self-reported data collected in late 2015 were analyzed. Women who identified as Muslim, were at least 18 years old, sexually active, and current residents of the United States (n = 224) met the inclusion criteria. Convenience sampling was employed. Multivariate logistic regression models estimated associations between demographics, marital status, ethnicity, nativity, health insurance, religious practice, and contraception use. Results Identifying as Muslim, in general, was significantly associated with greater odds of using contraception in general and condoms compared to American Muslim women who identify as Sunni. Identifying as Shia was associated with greater odds of using oral contraceptive pills relative to Sunni respondents. South Asian ethnicity was associated with higher odds of using oral contraceptive pills compared to those of Middle Eastern or North African ethnicity. Conclusions Findings suggest American Muslim women’s contraception utilization patterns share certain similarities with both American women in general and disadvantaged racial and ethnic minority groups in the United States, implying that factors that influence American Muslim women’s use of contraceptives are possibly countervailing and likely multifaceted. More research is needed to accurately identify associates of contraceptive use in this population. This work serves as a starting point for researchers and practitioners seeking to better understand reproductive health decision in this understudied population.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sex Reprod Health Matters
                Sex Reprod Health Matters
                Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters
                Taylor & Francis
                2641-0397
                12 April 2022
                2022
                12 April 2022
                : 30
                : 1
                : 2056977
                Affiliations
                [a ]Senior Lecturer, Department of Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University/ Teaching , Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Doctoral Fellow, Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa. Correspondence, : seunkayo@ 123456yahoo.com ; o.esan@ 123456oauife.edu.ng
                [b ]Associate Professor, Global Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
                [c ]Senior Researcher, Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2908-6034
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4013-5164
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0605-7134
                Article
                2056977
                10.1080/26410397.2022.2056977
                9009936
                35412963
                040b767c-7126-431b-a7a5-818f742d4ee8
                © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 43, Pages: 17
                Categories
                Research Article
                Research Article

                respectful maternity care,perceptions,pregnant women,qualitative study,low-resource settings,deviations,similarities,global norms,respect,women-centred care

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