Der „Äthertag“, ein Schlüsselmoment in der Geschichte der Menschheit, jährt sich am 16. Oktober 2021 zum 175. Mal. Nachdem der Zahnarzt William T. G. Morton in Boston die erste erfolgreiche öffentliche Äthernarkose gegeben hatte, schien es von nun an möglich, Menschen mit vertretbarem Risiko vor Schmerz zu bewahren und gleichzeitig durch die Induktion von Bewusstlosigkeit vor psychischen Folgeschäden zu schützen. Der Philosoph Peter Sloterdijk spricht von einem „Recht auf Nicht-Dabei-Sein-Müssen“, das die Anästhesie dem Menschen seit 1846 ermöglicht, und leitet daraus „gewissermaßen ein Menschenrecht auf Ohnmacht“ ab. Die Umsetzung dieser Idee liegt jedoch in weiter Ferne. Zum einen fehlt in vielen Ländern in großer Zahl qualifiziertes Personal, um selbst Narkosen für lebensnotwendige Operationen durchführen zu können. Zum anderen ist über Jahrzehnte klar geworden, dass die Anästhesie für die Menschheit nicht nur segensreich ist, sondern auch ihre „dunkle Seite“ zeigen kann: Substanzmissbrauch, Einsatz von Anästhetika bei Folterungen und Hinrichtungen. Zudem ist der Stellenwert der Anästhetika bei Wiederbelebungsmaßnahmen, in der Palliativmedizin und zur Erleichterung von Hinrichtungen unklar oder umstritten. Letztlich sind auch die erforderlichen förmlichen Schritte zur (völker)rechtlichen Anerkennung eines „Menschenrechts auf Ohnmacht“ bislang nicht vollzogen worden.
The Ether Day, a key moment in the history of mankind, commemorates its 175th anniversary on 16 October 2021. On that day the dentist William T. G. Morton successfully gave the first public ether anesthesia in Boston. From then on it was possible to save people from pain with justifiable risk and at the same time to protect them from psychological damage by inducing unconsciousness. The German philosopher Peter Sloterdijk, one of the most renowned and effective philosophers of our times, deduced that from then on humans, to some extent, had a right to unconsciousness when in psychophysical distress. This postulate unfolded from his concept of “anthropotechnics” developed around 1997, meaning the idea of treating human nature as an object of possible improvements. According to Sloterdijk, in favorable cases a synthesis of man and technology can result in a significant improvement of human capabilities in the sense of “enhancement”, i.e. an increase, an improvement or even an expansion of intellectual, physical or psychological possibilities, as it were in a transgression of the human (so-called transhumanism). Man should go into vertical tension, i.e. strive for higher aims and exploit his inherent potential, he should not dwell in the horizontal. This is not meant as an appeal but as an imperative: “You must change your life!”. In this context modern anesthesia may prove helpful: be operated on by others in order to undergo an enhancement. Or, in its most extreme form, the operation in the “auto-operational curved space”, a person can even operate on himself as has been dramatically demonstrated by Rogozov, a young Russian physician and trainee surgeon who successfully performed a self-appendectomy under local anesthesia at the Novolazarevskaya Antarctic Station in 1961; however, the implementation of this idea is a long way off. On the one hand, many countries lack qualified personnel in sufficiently large numbers to perform even vital operations with patients under anesthesia. On the other hand, over the decades it has become clear that anesthesia is obviously beneficial for mankind in that it offers relief from pain and psychological stress but that it can also often show its dark side: substance abuse, use of anesthetics in torture and in executions. In addition, the role of anesthetics in resuscitation, palliative care, and allaying executions is unclear or controversial. Finally, the necessary formal legal steps to acknowledge a “human right to unconsciousness” have not yet been implemented.
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