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      Scoping reviews: reinforcing and advancing the methodology and application

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          Abstract

          Scoping reviews are an increasingly common approach to evidence synthesis with a growing suite of methodological guidance and resources to assist review authors with their planning, conduct and reporting. The latest guidance for scoping reviews includes the JBI methodology and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses—Extension for Scoping Reviews. This paper provides readers with a brief update regarding ongoing work to enhance and improve the conduct and reporting of scoping reviews as well as information regarding the future steps in scoping review methods development. The purpose of this paper is to provide readers with a concise source of information regarding the difference between scoping reviews and other review types, the reasons for undertaking scoping reviews, and an update on methodological guidance for the conduct and reporting of scoping reviews.

          Despite available guidance, some publications use the term ‘scoping review’ without clear consideration of available reporting and methodological tools. Selection of the most appropriate review type for the stated research objectives or questions, standardised use of methodological approaches and terminology in scoping reviews, clarity and consistency of reporting and ensuring that the reporting and presentation of the results clearly addresses the review’s objective(s) and question(s) are critical components for improving the rigour of scoping reviews.

          Rigourous, high-quality scoping reviews should clearly follow up to date methodological guidance and reporting criteria. Stakeholder engagement is one area where further work could occur to enhance integration of consultation with the results of evidence syntheses and to support effective knowledge translation. Scoping review methodology is evolving as a policy and decision-making tool. Ensuring the integrity of scoping reviews by adherence to up-to-date reporting standards is integral to supporting well-informed decision-making.

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          PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation

          Scoping reviews, a type of knowledge synthesis, follow a systematic approach to map evidence on a topic and identify main concepts, theories, sources, and knowledge gaps. Although more scoping reviews are being done, their methodological and reporting quality need improvement. This document presents the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist and explanation. The checklist was developed by a 24-member expert panel and 2 research leads following published guidance from the EQUATOR (Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research) Network. The final checklist contains 20 essential reporting items and 2 optional items. The authors provide a rationale and an example of good reporting for each item. The intent of the PRISMA-ScR is to help readers (including researchers, publishers, commissioners, policymakers, health care providers, guideline developers, and patients or consumers) develop a greater understanding of relevant terminology, core concepts, and key items to report for scoping reviews.
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            Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework

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              Scoping studies: advancing the methodology

              Background Scoping studies are an increasingly popular approach to reviewing health research evidence. In 2005, Arksey and O'Malley published the first methodological framework for conducting scoping studies. While this framework provides an excellent foundation for scoping study methodology, further clarifying and enhancing this framework will help support the consistency with which authors undertake and report scoping studies and may encourage researchers and clinicians to engage in this process. Discussion We build upon our experiences conducting three scoping studies using the Arksey and O'Malley methodology to propose recommendations that clarify and enhance each stage of the framework. Recommendations include: clarifying and linking the purpose and research question (stage one); balancing feasibility with breadth and comprehensiveness of the scoping process (stage two); using an iterative team approach to selecting studies (stage three) and extracting data (stage four); incorporating a numerical summary and qualitative thematic analysis, reporting results, and considering the implications of study findings to policy, practice, or research (stage five); and incorporating consultation with stakeholders as a required knowledge translation component of scoping study methodology (stage six). Lastly, we propose additional considerations for scoping study methodology in order to support the advancement, application and relevance of scoping studies in health research. Summary Specific recommendations to clarify and enhance this methodology are outlined for each stage of the Arksey and O'Malley framework. Continued debate and development about scoping study methodology will help to maximize the usefulness and rigor of scoping study findings within healthcare research and practice.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                micah.peters@unisa.edu.au
                casey.marnie@unisa.edu.au
                heather.colquhoun@utoronto.ca
                cgarritty@ohri.ca
                susanneh@usc.edu
                thorsley@royalcollege.ca
                langloise@who.int
                erin.lillie@sunnybrook.ca
                kelly.obrien@utoronto.ca
                tuncalpo@who.int
                wilsom2@mcmaster.ca
                wasifa.zarin@unityhealth.to
                Andrea.Tricco@unityhealth.to
                Journal
                Syst Rev
                Syst Rev
                Systematic Reviews
                BioMed Central (London )
                2046-4053
                8 October 2021
                8 October 2021
                2021
                : 10
                : 263
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.1026.5, ISNI 0000 0000 8994 5086, University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Rosemary Bryant AO Research Centre, ; Playford Building P4-27, City East Campus, North Terrace Adelaide, 5000 South Australia
                [2 ]GRID grid.1010.0, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7304, Adelaide Nursing School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, , The University of Adelaide, ; 101 Currie St, Adelaide, 5001 South Australia
                [3 ]GRID grid.1010.0, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7304, The Centre for Evidence-based Practice South Australia (CEPSA): a Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, , The University of Adelaide, ; 5006 Adelaide, South Australia
                [4 ]GRID grid.17063.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2157 2938, Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, , University of Toronto, Terrence Donnelly Health Sciences Complex, ; 3359 Mississauga Rd, Toronto, Ontario L5L 1C6 Canada
                [5 ]GRID grid.17063.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2157 2938, Rehabilitation Sciences Institute (RSI), , University of Toronto, St. George Campus, ; 160-500 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1V7 Canada
                [6 ]GRID grid.412687.e, ISNI 0000 0000 9606 5108, Knowledge Synthesis Group, , Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, ; 1053 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4E9 Canada
                [7 ]GRID grid.42505.36, ISNI 0000 0001 2156 6853, Southern California Evidence Review Center, , University of Southern California, ; Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA
                [8 ]GRID grid.464678.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2155 5214, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, ; 774 Echo Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5N8 Canada
                [9 ]GRID grid.3575.4, ISNI 0000000121633745, Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (PMNCH), World Health Organisation, ; Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
                [10 ]GRID grid.17063.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2157 2938, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ; 2075 Bayview Ave, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5 Canada
                [11 ]GRID grid.17063.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2157 2938, Department of Physical Therapy, , University of Toronto, ; St. George Campus, 160-500 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1V7 Canada
                [12 ]GRID grid.17063.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2157 2938, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (IHPME), University of Toronto, ; St. George Campus, 155 College Street 4th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M6 Canada
                [13 ]GRID grid.3575.4, ISNI 0000000121633745, UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, , World Health Organisation, ; Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
                [14 ]GRID grid.25073.33, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8227, McMaster Health Forum, McMaster University, ; 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8 Canada
                [15 ]GRID grid.25073.33, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8227, Department of Health Evidence and Impact, , McMaster University, ; 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8 Canada
                [16 ]GRID grid.25073.33, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8227, Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, , McMaster University, ; 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8 Canada
                [17 ]GRID grid.415502.7, Knowledge Translation Program, , Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, ; 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8 Canada
                [18 ]GRID grid.17063.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2157 2938, Epidemiology Division and Institute for Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, , University of Toronto, ; 155 College St, Room 500, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7 Canada
                [19 ]GRID grid.410356.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8331, Queen’s Collaboration for Health Care Quality Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, , School of Nursing, Queen’s University, ; 99 University Ave, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4114-8971
                Article
                1821
                10.1186/s13643-021-01821-3
                8499488
                34625095
                0086a3d9-bf5e-4ce3-8a57-de98e35829cd
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 29 January 2021
                : 27 September 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001804, Canada Research Chairs;
                Award ID: Tier 2
                Award ID: Episodic Disability and Rehabilitation
                Award Recipient :
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                © The Author(s) 2021

                Public health
                scoping reviews,evidence synthesis,research methodology,reporting guidelines,methodological guidance

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