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      The effect of India's total sanitation campaign on defecation behaviors and child health in rural Madhya Pradesh: a cluster randomized controlled trial.

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          Abstract

          Poor sanitation is thought to be a major cause of enteric infections among young children. However, there are no previously published randomized trials to measure the health impacts of large-scale sanitation programs. India's Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) is one such program that seeks to end the practice of open defecation by changing social norms and behaviors, and providing technical support and financial subsidies. The objective of this study was to measure the effect of the TSC implemented with capacity building support from the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Program in Madhya Pradesh on availability of individual household latrines (IHLs), defecation behaviors, and child health (diarrhea, highly credible gastrointestinal illness [HCGI], parasitic infections, anemia, growth).

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          Multi-country analysis of the effects of diarrhoea on childhood stunting.

          William Checkley, Gillian Buckley, Robert Gilman … (2008)
          Diarrhoea is an important cause of death and illness among children in developing countries; however, it remains controversial as to whether diarrhoea leads to stunting. We conducted a pooled analysis of nine studies that collected daily diarrhoea morbidity and longitudinal anthropometry to determine the effects of the longitudinal history of diarrhoea prior to 24 months on stunting at age 24 months. Data covered a 20-year period and five countries. We used logistic regression to model the effect of diarrhoea on stunting. The prevalence of stunting at age 24 months varied by study (range 21-90%), as did the longitudinal history of diarrhoea prior to 24 months (incidence range 3.6-13.4 episodes per child-year, prevalence range 2.4-16.3%). The effect of diarrhoea on stunting, however, was similar across studies. The odds of stunting at age 24 months increased multiplicatively with each diarrhoeal episode and with each day of diarrhoea before 24 months (all P or=5 diarrhoeal episodes before 24 months was 25% (95% CI 8-38%) and that attributed to being ill with diarrhoea for >or=2% of the time before 24 months was 18% (95% CI 1-31%). These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that a higher cumulative burden of diarrhoea increases the risk of stunting.
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            Sanitation and Health

            Duncan Mara, Jon Lane, Beth Scott … (2010)
            As one article in a four-part PLoS Medicine series on water and sanitation, David Trouba and colleagues discuss the importance of improved sanitation to health and the role that the health sector can play in its advocacy.
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              Social science. Promoting transparency in social science research.

              Ashley Casey, R Sedlmayr, D Laitin … (2014)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS Med
                Title: PLoS medicine
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1549-1676
                ISSN (Print): 1549-1277
                Publication date (Electronic): Aug 2014
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 8
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Network for Engineering and Economics Research and Management (NEERMAN), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
                [2 ] School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
                [3 ] Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
                [4 ] Water and Sanitation Program, the World Bank, Washington (D.C.), United States of America.
                [5 ] National Institute for Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
                [6 ] School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America; Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: PMEDICINE-D-14-00353
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001709
                PMC ID: 4144850
                PubMed ID: 25157929
                SO-VID: d676c0d0-b7c3-4a09-91c6-1a05400a6ba0
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