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      Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Self-reported Psychological Distress Among Children and Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic in China

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          Abstract

          Key Points Question What factors are associated with self-reported psychological distress among school-aged children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic? Findings In this cross-sectional study including 1 199 320 children and adolescents, the prevalence of self-reported psychological distress was 10.5%. Students who never wore a face mask were at higher risk for psychological distress compared with students who wore a face mask frequently, as were students who spent less than 0.5 hours exercising compared with students who spent more than 1 hour in exercising. Meaning These findings suggest that the prevalence of self-reported psychological distress among school-aged children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic was relatively high.

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          Most cited references32

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          Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China

          Background: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic is a public health emergency of international concern and poses a challenge to psychological resilience. Research data are needed to develop evidence-driven strategies to reduce adverse psychological impacts and psychiatric symptoms during the epidemic. The aim of this study was to survey the general public in China to better understand their levels of psychological impact, anxiety, depression, and stress during the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak. The data will be used for future reference. Methods: From 31 January to 2 February 2020, we conducted an online survey using snowball sampling techniques. The online survey collected information on demographic data, physical symptoms in the past 14 days, contact history with COVID-19, knowledge and concerns about COVID-19, precautionary measures against COVID-19, and additional information required with respect to COVID-19. Psychological impact was assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status was assessed by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: This study included 1210 respondents from 194 cities in China. In total, 53.8% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate or severe; 16.5% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms; 28.8% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms; and 8.1% reported moderate to severe stress levels. Most respondents spent 20–24 h per day at home (84.7%); were worried about their family members contracting COVID-19 (75.2%); and were satisfied with the amount of health information available (75.1%). Female gender, student status, specific physical symptoms (e.g., myalgia, dizziness, coryza), and poor self-rated health status were significantly associated with a greater psychological impact of the outbreak and higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Specific up-to-date and accurate health information (e.g., treatment, local outbreak situation) and particular precautionary measures (e.g., hand hygiene, wearing a mask) were associated with a lower psychological impact of the outbreak and lower levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Conclusions: During the initial phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, more than half of the respondents rated the psychological impact as moderate-to-severe, and about one-third reported moderate-to-severe anxiety. Our findings identify factors associated with a lower level of psychological impact and better mental health status that can be used to formulate psychological interventions to improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 epidemic.
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            A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations

            The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic emerged in Wuhan, China, spread nationwide and then onto half a dozen other countries between December 2019 and early 2020. The implementation of unprecedented strict quarantine measures in China has kept a large number of people in isolation and affected many aspects of people’s lives. It has also triggered a wide variety of psychological problems, such as panic disorder, anxiety and depression. This study is the first nationwide large-scale survey of psychological distress in the general population of China during the COVID-19 epidemic.
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              COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature

              Highlights • Subsyndromal mental health concerns are a common response to the COVID-19 outbreak. • These responses affect both the general public and healthcare workers. • Depressive and anxiety symptoms have been reported in 16–28% of subjects screened. • Novel methods of consultation, such as online services, can be helpful for these patients. • There is a need for further long-term research in this area, especially from other countries
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                JAMA Network Open
                JAMA Netw Open
                American Medical Association (AMA)
                2574-3805
                January 04 2021
                January 26 2021
                : 4
                : 1
                : e2035487
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Health Publicity and Education Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
                [2 ]School of Health Services Management, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
                [3 ]School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
                [4 ]Department of Prevention and Health Care, Shantou Central Hospital/Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, China
                [5 ]Department of Medical Dispute, Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Heyuan, China
                [6 ]Health Education Center of Maoming City, Maoming, China
                [7 ]Department of Health Management, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
                [8 ]Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
                [9 ]Institute of Health Management, Southern Medical University Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
                Article
                10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.35487
                1a01a92f-4d0c-4c4c-9985-ddd64537ef03
                © 2021
                History

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