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Abstract
<p class="first" id="d8315215e75"> Cities are the single largest contributor to climate
change. Thus it is important
that, where possible, low-carbon infrastructure is integrated into cities to try to
reduce CO
<sub>2</sub> emissions. Planning (plans, policy, and process) can encourage this.
In this paper
international best practice is drawn upon to explore a range of planning approaches—collaborative,
systemic, and market shaping—that have been used to introduce low-carbon infrastructure
into cities. A new typology is developed and the strengths and weaknesses of planning
approaches are evaluated. The importance of context in the success of each approach
is highlighted and suggestions are made for the circumstances in which each may be
most effectively employed, while exploring how planning can be used to provide a ‘protected
space’ in which low-carbon systems can develop.
</p>