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      Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection

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          Abstract

          Understanding immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 is critical for improving diagnostics and vaccines, and for assessing the likely future course of the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed multiple compartments of circulating immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 in 254 samples from 188 COVID-19 cases, including 43 samples at ≥ 6 months post-infection. IgG to the Spike protein was relatively stable over 6+ months. Spike-specific memory B cells were more abundant at 6 months than at 1 month post symptom onset. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells declined with a half-life of 3-5 months. By studying antibody, memory B cell, CD4+ T cell, and CD8+ T cell memory to SARS-CoV-2 in an integrated manner, we observed that each component of SARS-CoV-2 immune memory exhibited distinct kinetics.

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          T Follicular Helper Cell Biology: A Decade of Discovery and Diseases

          Shane Crotty (2019)
          Helping B cells and antibody responses is a major function of CD4+ T cells. It has been 10 years since the publication of Bcl6 as the lineage-defining transcription factor for T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation and the requirement of Tfh cells as the specialized subset of CD4+ T cells needed for germinal centers (the microanatomical sites of B cell mutation and antibody affinity maturation) and related B cell responses. A great deal has been learned about Tfh cells in the past 10 years, particularly regarding their roles in a surprising range of diseases. Advances in the understanding of Tfh cell differentiation and function are discussed, as are the understanding of Tfh cells in infectious diseases, vaccines, autoimmune diseases, allergies, atherosclerosis, organ transplants, and cancer. This includes discussion of Tfh cells in the human immune system. Based on the discoveries to date, the next decade of Tfh research surely holds many more surprises. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
          Article 0 comments Cited 539 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Vaccines: correlates of vaccine-induced immunity.

            Stanley Plotkin (2008)
            The immune system is redundant, and B and T cells collaborate. However, almost all current vaccines work through induction of antibodies in serum or on mucosa that block infection or interfere with microbial invasion of the bloodstream. To protect, antibodies must be functional in the sense of neutralization or opsonophagocytosis. Correlates of protection after vaccination are sometimes absolute quantities but often are relative, such that most infections are prevented at a particular level of response but some will occur above that level because of a large challenge dose or deficient host factors. There may be >1 correlate of protection for a disease, which we term "cocorrelates." Either effector or central memory may correlate with protection. Cell-mediated immunity also may operate as a correlate or cocorrelate of protection against disease, rather than against infection. In situations where the true correlate of protection is unknown or difficult to measure, surrogate tests (usually antibody measurements) must suffice as predictors of protection by vaccines. Examples of each circumstance are given.
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              Duration of antiviral immunity after smallpox vaccination.

              Erika Hammarlund, Matthew W Lewis, Scott G Hansen … (2003)
              Although naturally occurring smallpox was eliminated through the efforts of the World Health Organization Global Eradication Program, it remains possible that smallpox could be intentionally released. Here we examine the magnitude and duration of antiviral immunity induced by one or more smallpox vaccinations. We found that more than 90% of volunteers vaccinated 25-75 years ago still maintain substantial humoral or cellular immunity (or both) against vaccinia, the virus used to vaccinate against smallpox. Antiviral antibody responses remained stable between 1-75 years after vaccination, whereas antiviral T-cell responses declined slowly, with a half-life of 8-15 years. If these levels of immunity are considered to be at least partially protective, then the morbidity and mortality associated with an intentional smallpox outbreak would be substantially reduced because of pre-existing immunity in a large number of previously vaccinated individuals.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jennifer M. Dan: (View ORCID Profile)
                Jose Mateus: (View ORCID Profile)
                Yu Kato: (View ORCID Profile)
                Kathryn M. Hastie: (View ORCID Profile)
                Esther Dawen Yu: (View ORCID Profile)
                Alba Grifoni: (View ORCID Profile)
                Sydney I. Ramirez: (View ORCID Profile)
                Sonya Haupt: (View ORCID Profile)
                April Frazier: (View ORCID Profile)
                Vamseedhar Rayaprolu: (View ORCID Profile)
                Stephen A. Rawlings: (View ORCID Profile)
                Bjoern Peters: (View ORCID Profile)
                Florian Krammer: (View ORCID Profile)
                Viviana Simon: (View ORCID Profile)
                Erica Ollmann Saphire: (View ORCID Profile)
                Davey M. Smith: (View ORCID Profile)
                Daniela Weiskopf: (View ORCID Profile)
                Alessandro Sette: (View ORCID Profile)
                Shane Crotty: (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                Title: Science
                Abbreviated Title: Science
                Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
                ISSN (Print): 0036-8075
                ISSN (Electronic): 1095-9203
                Publication date (Electronic): January 06 2021
                Page: eabf4063
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
                [2 ]Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
                [3 ]Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
                [4 ]Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
                [5 ]Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
                [6 ]The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
                Article
                DOI: 10.1126/science.abf4063
                SO-VID: 691f323e-cd2e-4b56-b55f-223b5b5c252f
                Copyright © © 2021
                License:

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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