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      A mediation approach to understanding socio-economic inequalities in maternal health-seeking behaviours in Egypt.

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          Abstract

          The levels and origins of socio-economic inequalities in health-seeking behaviours in Egypt are poorly understood. This paper assesses the levels of health-seeking behaviours related to maternal care (antenatal care [ANC] and facility delivery) and their accumulation during pregnancy and childbirth. Secondly, it explores the mechanisms underlying the association between socio-economic position (SEP) and maternal health-seeking behaviours. Thirdly, it examines the effectiveness of targeting of free public ANC and delivery care.

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          Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data--or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India.

          Deon Filmer, Lant H. Pritchett (2001)
          Using data from India, we estimate the relationship between household wealth and children's school enrollment. We proxy wealth by constructing a linear index from asset ownership indicators, using principal-components analysis to derive weights. In Indian data this index is robust to the assets included, and produces internally coherent results. State-level results correspond well to independent data on per capita output and poverty. To validate the method and to show that the asset index predicts enrollments as accurately as expenditures, or more so, we use data sets from Indonesia, Pakistan, and Nepal that contain information on both expenditures and assets. The results show large, variable wealth gaps in children's enrollment across Indian states. On average a "rich" child is 31 percentage points more likely to be enrolled than a "poor" child, but this gap varies from only 4.6 percentage points in Kerala to 38.2 in Uttar Pradesh and 42.6 in Bihar.
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            Measuring inequality with asset indicators

            David J. McKenzie (2005)
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              How changes in coverage affect equity in maternal and child health interventions in 35 Countdown to 2015 countries: an analysis of national surveys.

              Kate Kerber, Mickey Chopra, Zulfiqar Bhutta … (2012)
              Achievement of global health goals will require assessment of progress not only nationally but also for population subgroups. We aimed to assess how the magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities in health changes in relation to different rates of national progress in coverage of interventions for the health of mothers and children. We assessed coverage in low-income and middle-income countries for which two Demographic Health Surveys or Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys were available. We calculated changes in overall coverage of skilled birth attendants, measles vaccination, and a composite coverage index, and examined coverage of a newly introduced intervention, use of insecticide-treated bednets by children. We stratified coverage data according to asset-based wealth quintiles, and calculated relative and absolute indices of inequality. We adjusted correlation analyses for time between surveys and baseline coverage levels. We included 35 countries with surveys done an average of 9·1 years apart. Pro-rich inequalities were very prevalent. We noted increased coverage of skilled birth attendants, measles vaccination, and the composite index in most countries from the first to the second survey, while inequalities were reduced. Rapid changes in overall coverage were associated with improved equity. These findings were not due to a capping effect associated with limited scope for improvement in rich households. For use of insecticide-treated bednets, coverage was high for the richest households, but countries making rapid progress did almost as well in reaching the poorest groups. National increases in coverage were primarily driven by how rapidly coverage increased in the poorest quintiles. Equity should be accounted for when planning the scaling up of interventions and assessing national progress. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; World Bank; Governments of Australia, Brazil, Canada, Norway, Sweden, and UK. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Health Serv Res
                Title: BMC health services research
                Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
                ISSN (Electronic): 1472-6963
                ISSN (Print): 1472-6963
                Publication date (Electronic): Jan 21 2015
                Volume: 15
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK. Lenka.Benova@lshtm.ac.uk.
                [2 ] Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK. Oona.Campbell@lshtm.ac.uk.
                [3 ] Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK. g.ploubidis@ioe.ac.uk.
                [4 ] Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Institute of Education, London, WC1H 0AL, UK. g.ploubidis@ioe.ac.uk.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: s12913-014-0652-8
                DOI: 10.1186/s12913-014-0652-8
                PMC ID: 4307186
                PubMed ID: 25603697
                SO-VID: 7f2dc515-b9a8-455f-8beb-3eb6427e890b
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