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      Child malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa: A meta-analysis of demographic and health surveys (2006-2016).

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          Abstract

          Sub-Saharan Africa has one of the highest levels of child malnutrition globally. Therefore, a critical look at the distribution of malnutrition within its sub-regions is required to identify the worst affected areas. This study provides a meta-analysis of the prevalence of malnutrition indicators (stunting, wasting and underweight) within four sub-regions of sub-Saharan Africa.

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          Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries

          Robert E Black, Cesar G Victora, Susan P. Walker … (2013)
          The Lancet, 382(9890), 427-451
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            Malnutrition in Sub – Saharan Africa: burden, causes and prospects

            Luchuo Bain, Paschal Kum Awah, Ngia Geraldine … (2013)
            Malnutrition is estimated to contribute to more than one third of all child deaths, although it is rarely listed as the direct cause. Contributing to more than half of deaths in children worldwide; child malnutrition was associated with 54% of deaths in children in developing countries in 2001. Poverty remains the major contributor to this ill. The vicious cycle of poverty, disease and illness aggravates this situation. Grooming undernourished children causes children to start life at mentally sub optimal levels. This becomes a serious developmental threat. Lack of education especially amongst women disadvantages children, especially as far as healthy practices like breastfeeding and child healthy foods are concerned. Adverse climatic conditions have also played significant roles like droughts, poor soils and deforestation. Sociocultural barriers are major hindrances in some communities, with female children usually being the most affected. Corruption and lack of government interest and investment are key players that must be addressed to solve this problem. A multisectorial approach is vital in tackling this problem. Improvement in government policy, fight against corruption, adopting a horizontal approach in implementing programmes at community level must be recognized. Genetically modified foods to increase food production and to survive adverse climatic conditions could be gateways in solving these problems. Socio cultural peculiarities of each community are an essential base line consideration for the implementation of any nutrition health promotion programs.
            Article 0 comments Cited 130 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Linear growth deficit continues to accumulate beyond the first 1000 days in low- and middle-income countries: global evidence from 51 national surveys.

              Edward A. Frongillo, Piet L. J. M. Leroy, Marie Ruel … (2014)
              Growth faltering is usually assessed using height-for-age Z-scores (HAZs), which have been used for comparisons of children of different age and sex composition across populations. Because the SD (denominator) for calculating HAZ increases with age, the usefulness of HAZs to assess changes in height over time (across ages) is uncertain. We posited that population-level changes in height as populations age should be assessed using absolute height-for-age differences (HADs) and not HAZs. We used data from 51 nationwide surveys from low- and middle-income countries and graphed mean HAZs and HADs by age. We also calculated annual changes in HAZs and HADs and percentage of total height deficit accumulated annually from birth to age 60 mo using both approaches. Mean HAZ started at -0.4 Z-scores and dropped dramatically up to 24 mo, after which it stabilized and had no additional deterioration. Mean HAD started at -0.8 cm, with the most pronounced faltering occurring between 6 and 18 mo, similar to HAZ. However, in sharp contrast to HAZ, HAD curves had continued increases in the deficit of linear growth from 18 to 60 mo, with no indication of a leveling off. Globally, 70% of the absolute deficit accumulated in height (HAD) at 60 mo was found to be due to faltering during the first "1000 days" (conception to 24 mo), but 30% was due to continued increases in deficit from age 2 to 5 y. The use of HAZ masks these changes because of age-related changes in SD. Therefore, HAD, rather than HAZ, should be used to describe and compare changes in height as children age because detecting any deficit compared with expected changes in height as children grow is important and only HAD does this accurately at all ages. Our findings support the current global programmatic momentum to focus on the first 1000 d. Research is needed to better understand the dynamics and timing of linear growth faltering using indices and indicators that accurately reflect changes over ages and to identify cost-effective ways to prevent growth faltering and its consequences throughout the lifecycle. © 2014 American Society for Nutrition.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Title: PloS one
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                ISSN (Print): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 2017
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 5
                Affiliations
                [1 ] School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
                [2 ] School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
                [3 ] School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: PONE-D-16-51511
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177338
                PMC ID: 5426674
                PubMed ID: 28494007
                SO-VID: 9cc9df94-5f21-4bae-9640-7247f78ad55e
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