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      Loneliness during a strict lockdown: Trajectories and predictors during the COVID-19 pandemic in 38,217 United Kingdom adults.

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          Abstract

          There are increasing worries that lockdowns and 'stay-at-home' orders due to the COVID-19 pandemic could lead to a rise in loneliness, which is recognised as a major public health concern. But profiles of loneliness during the pandemic and risk factors remain unclear.

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          Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science

          Emily A. Holmes, Rory C O'Connor, V. Perry … (2020)
          Summary The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is having a profound effect on all aspects of society, including mental health and physical health. We explore the psychological, social, and neuroscientific effects of COVID-19 and set out the immediate priorities and longer-term strategies for mental health science research. These priorities were informed by surveys of the public and an expert panel convened by the UK Academy of Medical Sciences and the mental health research charity, MQ: Transforming Mental Health, in the first weeks of the pandemic in the UK in March, 2020. We urge UK research funding agencies to work with researchers, people with lived experience, and others to establish a high level coordination group to ensure that these research priorities are addressed, and to allow new ones to be identified over time. The need to maintain high-quality research standards is imperative. International collaboration and a global perspective will be beneficial. An immediate priority is collecting high-quality data on the mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic across the whole population and vulnerable groups, and on brain function, cognition, and mental health of patients with COVID-19. There is an urgent need for research to address how mental health consequences for vulnerable groups can be mitigated under pandemic conditions, and on the impact of repeated media consumption and health messaging around COVID-19. Discovery, evaluation, and refinement of mechanistically driven interventions to address the psychological, social, and neuroscientific aspects of the pandemic are required. Rising to this challenge will require integration across disciplines and sectors, and should be done together with people with lived experience. New funding will be required to meet these priorities, and it can be efficiently leveraged by the UK's world-leading infrastructure. This Position Paper provides a strategy that may be both adapted for, and integrated with, research efforts in other countries.
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            The Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 and Physical Distancing: The Need for Prevention and Early Intervention

            Sandro Galea, Raina M Merchant, Nicole Lurie (2020)
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              A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression.

              Yekta Dowlati, Nathan Herrmann, Walter Swardfager … (2010)
              Major depression occurs in 4.4% to 20% of the general population. Studies suggest that major depression is accompanied by immune dysregulation and activation of the inflammatory response system (IRS). Our objective was to quantitatively summarize the data on concentrations of specific cytokines in patients diagnosed with a major depressive episode and controls. We performed a meta-analysis of studies measuring cytokine concentration in patients with major depression, with a database search of the English literature (to August 2009) and a manual search of references. Twenty-four studies involving unstimulated measurements of cytokines in patients meeting DSM criteria for major depression were included in the meta-analysis; 13 for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, 9 for interleukin (IL)-1beta, 16 for IL-6, 5 for IL-4, 5 for IL-2, 4 for IL-8, 6 for IL-10, and 4 for interferon (IFN)-gamma. There were significantly higher concentrations of TNF-alpha (p < .00001), weighted mean difference (WMD) (95% confidence interval) 3.97 pg/mL (2.24 to 5.71), in depressed subjects compared with control subjects (438 depressed/350 nondepressed). Also, IL-6 concentrations were significantly higher (p < .00001) in depressed subjects compared with control subjects (492 depressed/400 nondepressed) with an overall WMD of 1.78 pg/mL (1.23 to 2.33). There were no significant differences among depressed and nondepressed subjects for the other cytokines studied. This meta-analysis reports significantly higher concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 in depressed subjects compared with control subjects. While both positive and negative results have been reported in individual studies, this meta-analytic result strengthens evidence that depression is accompanied by activation of the IRS. Copyright 2010 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Soc Sci Med
                Title: Social science & medicine (1982)
                Publisher: Elsevier BV
                ISSN (Electronic): 1873-5347
                ISSN (Print): 0277-9536
                Publication date (Electronic): November 2020
                Volume: 265
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.
                [2 ] Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK. Electronic address: d.fancourt@ucl.ac.uk.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S0277-9536(20)30740-1
                DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113521
                PMC ID: 7768183
                PubMed ID: 33257177
                SO-VID: 797c55dc-24ca-485b-b174-06299e8225a0
                Copyright © Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
                History

                Keywords: COVID-19,Social factor,Mental health,Longitudinal,Loneliness,Lockdown,Coronavirus,Trajectory
                Data availability:
                Keywords: COVID-19, Social factor, Mental health, Longitudinal, Loneliness, Lockdown, Coronavirus, Trajectory

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